Determination of surface ζ‐potential and isoelectric point of carbon surfaces using tracer particle suspensions

Carbon materials are widely used in a range of applications from biomaterials to sensing and electronics. Many of these applications rely on the ability to control carbon/water interfacial properties, in particular, surface charge density. This work reports a study of the electrokinetic properties of amorphous carbon thin films as a function of pH and surface chemistry. Surface ζ‐potential (SZP) and isoelectric point were determined using the tracer particle method. Initially, the use of sulfonated and amine‐terminated latex bead suspensions as tracer particles for the determination of SZP of reference polymer surfaces was validated. The tracer particle method was then applied to the determination of SZP and isoelectric point of macroscopic carbon surfaces with different surface chemistry. Highly graphitic and sp³‐rich hydrogenated carbon surfaces were found to display negative SZP, as expected for hydrophobic surfaces. The isoelectric point of the most highly graphitic surface was found to be pH_iso = 3.7. Surface oxidation of these films resulted in a decrease of SZP at all pH values and in a downshift of pH_iso to values lower than 1.5, consistently with the presence of surface acidic groups arising from oxidation. Results indicate that the specific choice of acid/base chemistry for the tracer particles does not significantly affect either SZP or pH_iso determinations. These results show that the tracer particle method in combination with widely available latex beads as tracers can be applied for the determination of carbon SZP as a function of pH. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

反渗透法制纯净水的原理及工艺流程

简述了反渗透法制取纯净水的工艺流程，重点对预处理部分和反渗透除盐部分所用设备情况及其工作原理进行了分析和介绍。     

水分胁迫对枣树组培苗渗透调节物质的影响

水分胁迫条件下分别测定了继代苗抗性不同的品种叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性总糖、丙二醛含量、叶片质膜相对透性。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧,不同品种间叶片脯氨酸、可溶性总糖、丙二醛含量、叶片质膜相对透性存在较大差异。表现出较抗旱的品种叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量变化表现出较高的趋势;而丙二醛含量和质膜相对透性变化表现出较低的趋势。     

提高矿井废水处理能力配套技术的研究及工程应用

基于对山西晋煤集团赵庄煤矿矿井水处理厂原处理系统设计参数存在不足的分析,根据赵庄煤矿的现状,确定采用新型旋流澄清净水装置＋过滤＋超滤等工艺。本工艺使用后,处理水量由原来的6000m3/d提高到12000m3/d;SS去除率由原来的65%提高到90%以上,基本解决了目前赵庄煤矿矿井水处理厂处理能力不足的问题。     

漳山发电厂反渗透水处理系统运行状况分析

针对反渗透水处理系统在运行过程中出现的故障,提出了反渗透水处理系统前置设备的设计、运行调整,及反渗透本身的运行操作方法、程序补充和完善、运行历史数据的分析等都必须适时、适情、适地地采取有效整改措施,以保证反渗透水处理系统安全、经济运行。     

高层建筑管道直饮水工程实践

介绍了反渗透(RO)工艺在高层建筑管道直饮水工程中的应用实践,探讨了有关的工艺过程、工艺参数和设备选型。采用恒压变频、分区减压阀双循环供水方式和臭氧、紫外线双重消毒,确保供水稳定、及时、安全。运行和测试结果表明:出水电导率≤10μs/cm,达到国家直饮净水水质标准,整套系统能全自动运行,并实现远程控制管理。     

Combining reverse osmosis and pulsed electrical current electrodialysis for improved recovery of dissolved organic matter from seawater

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the oceans is one of the largest dynamic reservoirs of carbon on earth, comparable in size to the atmospheric reservoir of carbon (as CO₂) in the atmosphere, or to the amount of carbon in all terrestrial and aquatic biota. The concerted efforts of earth scientists, atmospheric scientists, and biologists who study global biogeochemical cycles and the earth's climate have yielded a rather detailed understanding of carbon in the atmosphere and in biota. Marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) is far less well characterized, principally because it exists as a highly diluted mixture of perhaps millions of organic compounds in a highly saline aqueous solution. Prior to 2007, only around 1/3 of marine DOM was typically recovered from seawater for research purposes, regardless of the method of isolation. In 2007, reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED) were coupled to achieve recoveries of 64–93% of marine DOM. The level of residual salts in the concentrated samples, however, still precluded the characterization of marine DOM by solid-state NMR, mass spectrometry, or even elemental analysis. This paper describes a major improvement to the RO/ED method, in which pulsed ED is used (at sea) to reach roughly 100-fold greater removal of salts compared to non-pulsed ED while maintaining comparable recoveries of DOM.     

高位池养殖污染渗透规律分析

从地下水的污染和咸化、土壤的污染和盐碱化、海水的污染和富营养化等3个方面研究了高位池养殖污染的渗透规律,并确定相应的数学模型.地下水污染和咸化以民用水井中的Cl-含量来表征,Cl-检出量随水井与高位池距离的增大而呈递减变化规律;土壤的污染和盐碱化以含盐量来表征,含盐量随农田与高位池距离的增大而呈梯度递减变化规律;海水污染和富营养化以COD、TP来表征,COD、TP浓度与海水深度呈递减变化规律.     

The effect of imposed flux on biofouling in reverse osmosis: Role of concentration polarisation and biofilm enhanced osmotic pressure phenomena

This paper describes a systematic study of biofouling in reverse osmosis process using model bacteria of Pseudomonas fluorescens and employing a sodium chloride tracer response technique for fouling characterization. It was found that the growth of biofilm at constant flux following initial bacteria colonization of the membrane surface increased with imposed flux. The rationale was that biofilm growth was nutrient dependent, where the nutrient availability at the membrane wall was controlled by the magnitude of concentration polarization, which is driven by flux. The salt tracer response showed that the biofouling comprised a hydraulic resistance and induced an enhanced osmotic pressure phenomenon; known as the biofilm enhanced osmotic pressure (BEOP) effect [M. Herzberg, M. Elimelech, Biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes: role of biofilm-enhanced osmotic pressure, Journal of Membrane Science 295 (2007) 11–20], due to hindered back diffusion of solutes through the tortuous path of the heterogeneous structure of the biofilm. For the conditions studied, the contribution of BEOP to transmembrane pressure increase was greater than the hydraulic resistance.     

Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membranes for Valorization of Brines

Several industrial processes, such as desalination or neutralization, generate brines defined as concentrated solutions of salts in water, usually NaCl, typically discharged in the vicinities of the desalination plant or factory. To reduce the environmental impact and promote the valorization of the wasted resources, alternatives must be sought. Among sustainable alternatives for the recovery of brines, the possibility of using Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membranes (EDBM) is of interest, because it allows recovering brines as useful acids and bases. This review focuses on the discussion of the technical aspects of the EDBM as a means to treat streams rich in NaCl from reverse osmosis desalination and industrial processes in order to complete the direct delivery of chemicals for self-supply. The main environmental issues associated with desalination brine disposal are presented. The state-of-the-art of valorization of brines by EDBM to acids and bases is completed. This work concludes with an in-depth discussion of the technical, techno-economic and economic barriers that prevent the widespread use of EDBM technology.