当代青少年科技创新素质培养的问题与对策——以安徽省芜湖市的调查为例

通过对1100名青少年、63名中学老师和63名家长的调查,在对芜湖市青少年科技创新素质培养现状分析的基础上,发现在培养过程中存在诸如对科技创新的认识不足、青少年参与科技创新活动的积极性需进一步提高、青少年科技创新素质培养过程"重知识,轻实践"与"传授多,研讨少"、青少年的"学科综合"与"思维耦合"能力有待提升等问题.并从学校的青少年科技创新"主渠道"作用并未有效发挥、青少年参加课外科技活动有限、中学《科学》课程的作用没有得到充分发挥、课堂教育传输科技创新信息偏少等方面进行了成因分析.并提出中共芜湖市委、市政府的持续高度重视极为重要,充分发挥科技局和教育局等政府职能部门的作用,加大对科技创新素质的教育与宣传力度,组织开展形式多样、内涵丰富与专业指导的科技创新活动,学校针对不同学段的青少年开展相应的科技创新教育,结合青少年实际科学选择相应的培养方法等对策.     

应用于NPC型逆变器的三电平不连续PWM方法

针对低频大功率二极管中点钳位( NPC)型逆变器控制系统的不连续空间矢量脉宽调制原理及控制策略的研究,提出三电平不连续空间矢量脉宽调制方法,相比于传统三电平空间矢量脉宽调制方法,在相同的开关频率下,此方法可以显著降低逆变器的开关损耗。同时,文中对三电平逆变器的中点电压不平衡问题以及在现场应用中可能出现的PN电平跳变问题进行分析,并提出解决方法。最后,针对本文提出的调制方法做中点电压的平衡控制,给出对于该算法基于仿真和实验的验证。     

基于Leader-follower的自主车辆跟随控制器设计

为解决自主车辆的跟随控制中误差系统的稳定性问题, 基于Leader鄄follower 法设计了车辆跟随控制器。对自主车辆进行运动学建模, 采用Leader鄄follower 模型描述车辆跟随结构, 用L鄄渍控制方法建立车辆跟随误差系统, 设计跟随车辆的速度控制器, 以实现跟随车辆对领航车辆的稳定跟随。通过Matlab 仿真实验结果证明,该控制器使误差最终收敛到0, 能达到跟随控制的目的。     

高中化学新手熟手专家教师教学策略知识比较*

以“原电池”教学主题为载体自编调查问卷,选取河北省90位在职高中化学教师进行教学策略知识(Knowledge of instructional strategies,简称KoIS)测查。应用单因素方差分析与多重比较LSD法,从教学策略与表征的选择、应用、调整、反馈以及评价等5个维度对新手、熟手和专家教师KoIS之间的差异及其表现特征进行了比较和分析,并据此提出相关建议,为促进高中化学教师KoIS水平提升提供借鉴和参考。     

Modulating Protein–Protein Interactions by Cyclic and Macrocyclic Peptides. Prominent Strategies and Examples

Cyclic and macrocyclic peptides constitute advanced molecules for modulating protein–protein interactions (PPIs). Although still peptide derivatives, they are metabolically more stable than linear counterparts, and should have a lower degree of flexibility, with more defined secondary structure conformations that can be adapted to imitate protein interfaces. In this review, we analyze recent progress on the main methods to access cyclic/macrocyclic peptide derivatives, with emphasis in a few selected examples designed to interfere within PPIs. These types of peptides can be from natural origin, or prepared by biochemical or synthetic methodologies, and their design could be aided by computational approaches. Some advances to facilitate the permeability of these quite big molecules by conjugation with cell penetrating peptides, and the incorporation of β-amino acid and peptoid structures to improve metabolic stability, are also commented. It is predicted that this field of research could have an important future mission, running in parallel to the discovery of new, relevant PPIs involved in pathological processes.     

Screening of Wood/Forest and Vine By-Products as Sources of New Drugs for Sustainable Strategies to Control Fusarium graminearum and the Production of Mycotoxins

Fusarium graminearum is a fungal pathogen that can colonize small-grain cereals and maize and secrete type B trichothecene (TCTB) mycotoxins. The development of environmental-friendly strategies guaranteeing the safety of food and feed is a key challenge facing agriculture today. One of these strategies lies on the promising capacity of products issued from natural sources to counteract crop pests. In this work, the in vitro efficiency of sixteen extracts obtained from eight natural sources using subcritical water extraction at two temperatures was assessed against fungal growth and TCTB production by F. graminearum. Maritime pine sawdust extract was shown to be extremely efficient, leading to a significant inhibition of up to 89% of the fungal growth and up to 65% reduction of the mycotoxin production by F. graminearum. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of this active extract revealed the presence of three families of phenolics with a predominance of methylated compounds and suggested that the abundance of methylated structures, and therefore of hydrophobic compounds, could be a primary factor underpinning the activity of the maritime pine sawdust extract. Altogether, our data support that wood/forest by-products could be promising sources of bioactive compounds for controlling F. graminearum and its production of mycotoxins.     

有限时期障碍期权的三项式期权定价模型

本文研究了有限时期障碍期权的三项式定价模型,对具有三种变化的股票价格模型进行了讨论,推广了CRR二项式定价模型,推出了某一假定证券市场中有限时期障碍期权的三项式期权定价公式。     

股票交易量对证券期权价格的影响

用复合Poisson过程描述股票的交易量,据此构造股票价格的随机过程,进而推导出在风险中立条件下,欧式买入期权的价格公式,并对风险中立条件下及风险回避市场中,期权价格的边界问题进行讨论.     

优化金属磷化物电催化析氢性能的策略

日益严重的能源危机和环境污染问题使得探索清洁的可再生能源载体及减少对传统化石燃料的过度依赖成为人们面临的一项重要任务.因此,各种可持续能源如太阳能、风能、海洋能和生物质能等得到了广泛研究并取得了一定的进展.然而,这些能源因存在间歇性和不稳定性等缺点阻碍了其实际应用.近年,氢气作为一种能源载体,以其高能量密度和无碳排放的优点引起了人们的广泛关注,被认为是缓解日益严重的污染问题的最有前途的环保能源.对比目前采用的天然气热解和煤炭气化等传统制氢策略,电催化水裂解由于催化效率高,制氢纯度高和不产生温室气体,被认为是高效、环保、可持续的制氢策略.电催化水裂解由两个独立的半反应组成,分别是析氢反应和析氧反应.析氢反应作为水裂解的一个半反应,在降低制氢成本及提高产氢催化效率方面起着关键作用.然而,目前的核心问题之一是要开发高效的析氢电催化剂,以加快反应速度.目前,铂和铂基纳米材料被认为是高效的析氢电催化剂,但是其稀缺性和高成本阻碍了大规模实际应用.金属磷化物由于具有较高的本征活性并且在不同的电解质中都具有良好的电催化析氢性能,被证明是一种优良的析氢电催化剂.此外,与普通催化剂相比,金属磷化电催化剂还具有合成简便、效率高、成本低、省时等优点.本文详细介绍了近年人们在金属磷化物用于电催化析氢研究中取得的进展.首先,介绍了电催化析氢反应机理,金属磷化物的结构及作用,并对其优缺点进行了总结;随后,综述了金属磷化物的合成方法,包括后处理、原位生成和电沉积策略,并对不同方法进行了比较和讨论.此外,从元素掺杂、界面工程、空穴工程、修饰特定载体、构建特定纳米结构、设计双或多金属磷化物和其他发展的新方法等七个方面详细总结了促进金属磷化物电催化活性的多种策略,并进行了对比和讨论.最后,归纳了金属磷化物在电催化析氢应用中存在的问题和面临的挑战,并对未来的研究发展提出了展望.     

CompassR Yields Highly Organic-Solvent-Tolerant Enzymes through Recombination of Compatible Substitutions

The CompassR (computer-assisted recombination) rule enables, among beneficial substitutions, the identification of those that can be recombined in directed evolution. Herein, a recombination strategy is systematically investigated to minimize experimental efforts and maximize possible improvements. In total, 15 beneficial substitutions from Bacillus subtilis lipase A (BSLA), which improves resistance to the organic cosolvent 1,4-dioxane (DOX), were studied to compare two recombination strategies, the two-gene recombination process (2GenReP) and the in silico guided recombination process (InSiReP), employing CompassR. Remarkably, both strategies yielded a highly DOX-resistant variant, M4 (I12R/Y49R/E65H/N98R/K122E/L124K), with up to 14.6-fold improvement after screening of about 270 clones. M4 has a remarkably enhanced resistance in 60 % (v/v) acetone (6.0-fold), 30 % (v/v) ethanol (2.1-fold), and 60 % (v/v) methanol (2.4-fold) compared with wild-type BSLA. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that attracting water molecules by charged surface substitutions is the main driver for increasing the DOX resistance of BSLA M4. Both strategies and obtained molecular knowledge can likely be used to improve the properties of other enzymes with a similar α/β-hydrolase fold.