Nanoparticulate Iron Oxide Minerals in Soils and Sediments: Unique Properties and Contaminant Scavenging Mechanisms

Nanoparticulate goethite, akaganeite, hematite, ferrihydrite and schwertmannite are important constituents of soils, sediments and mine drainage outflows. These minerals have high sorption capacities for metal and anionic contaminants such as arsenic, chromium, lead, mercury and selenium. Contaminant sequestration is accomplished mainly by surface complexation, but aggregation of particles may encapsulate sorbed surface species into the multigrain interior interfaces, with significant consequences for contaminant dispersal or remediation processes. Particularly for particle sizes on the order of 1–10 nm, the sorption capacity and surface molecular structure also may differ in important ways from bulk material. We review the factors affecting geochemical reactivity of these nanophases, focusing on the ways they may remove toxins from the environment, and include recent results of studies on nanogoethite growth, aggregation and sorption processes.     

Fast and Simple Electroanalytical Identification of Iron Oxides in Geological Samples Without Sample Pretreatment

Hematite, goethite and siderite were found in geological samples using a simple, fast and low cost electroanalytical technique called voltammetry of immobilized microparticles (VMP). A carbon paste electrode was carefully rubbed onto the studied samples (an iron ore and ferrous oolites) to attach some microparticles to the surface of the electrode, and subsequently a potential scan was performed in two aqueous media to obtain the voltammogram which might be considered as the fingerprint of the sample deposited on the electrode. Each peak was related to an electrode process on the electrode whose peak potential indicates the type of iron compound. All the results were confirmed by commonly used analytical techniques to detect the presence of the different phases. All of this makes VMP an analytical tool very useful to save time and reduce analysis costs for geologist.     

细粒菱铁矿、石英和赤铁矿吸附团聚的机理

含菱铁矿难选铁矿石在磨矿作业过程中,菱铁矿极易泥化,并大量吸附在脉石和有用矿物的表面上,恶化了后续选别作业.为了查明微细粒菱铁矿、石英和赤铁矿在矿浆中吸附团聚的本质及规律,利用DLVO理论探讨了微细粒菱铁矿与粗粒石英、微细粒菱铁矿与赤铁矿及细粒菱铁矿之间的作用机理.计算结果表明:微细粒菱铁矿容易吸附罩盖在粗粒石英和赤铁矿表面,微细粒菱铁矿和微细粒赤铁矿相互作用发生团聚现象,而微细粒菱铁矿之间不发生吸附团聚现象.     

鲕状赤铁矿悬浮焙烧的磁性研究

针对鄂西某鲕状赤铁矿进行悬浮焙烧研究,并采用振动样品磁强计、X射线衍射分析仪、穆斯堡尔谱仪分析还原温度、还原时间、氧化温度、颗粒粒度对焙烧物料磁性和物相组成的影响规律.结果表明:铁矿石经悬浮焙烧后磁性明显增强,且焙烧物料磁性与强磁性铁矿物的含量呈正比.当还原温度为550~650℃时,还原物料的磁化强度和比磁化率随还原温度的升高而升高,超过700℃后则随之降低.延长还原时间可提高还原物料的磁化强度和比磁化率.焙烧物料中γ-Fe2O3含量随氧化温度升高而增加,在氧化温度为350℃时物料中γ-Fe2O3的含量达到最大值.当焙烧物料颗粒粒度小于15μm时,颗粒的磁化强度和比磁化率随之降低,而剩磁和矫顽力则随之增加.     

高磷赤铁矿采用CaCl_2气化脱磷的试验研究

对高磷赤铁矿在烧结过程中添加CaCl2气化脱磷进行热力学分析,并通过微型烧结试验对影响气化脱磷率的因素进行研究。结果表明,在烧结过程中添加CaCl2可以使高磷赤铁矿中的P元素以PCl3气体形式随烧结废气排出;气化脱磷率受配碳量、加热温度、CaCl2加入量、矿石碱度等因素影响;当配碳量为4%、加热温度为900℃、CaCl2加入量为1.36%、通过添加白灰使矿石碱度增加到1.2时,脱磷率可以达到18.3%。     

Two earth years of Mössbauer studies of the surface of Mars with MIMOS II

The element iron plays a crucial role in the study of the evolution of matter from an interstellar cloud to the formation and evolution of the planets. In the Solar System iron is the most abundant metallic element. It occurs in at least three different oxidation states: Fe(0) (metallic iron), Fe(II) and Fe(III). Fe(IV) and Fe(VI) compounds are well known on Earth, and there is a possibility for their occurrence on Mars. In January 2004 the USA space agency NASA landed two rovers on the surface of Mars, both carrying the Mainz Mössbauer spectrometer MIMOS II. They performed for the first time in-situ measurements of the mineralogy of the Martian surface, at two different places on Mars, Meridiani Planum and Gusev crater, respectively, the landing sites of the Mars-Exploration-Rovers (MER) Opportunity and Spirit. After about two Earth years or one Martian year of operation the Mössbauer (MB) spectrometers on both rovers have acquired data from more than 150 targets (and more than thousand MB spectra) at each landing site. The scientific measurement objectives of the Mössbauer investigation are to obtain for rock, soil, and dust (1) the mineralogical identification of iron-bearing phases (e.g., oxides, silicates, sulfides, sulfates, and carbonates), (2) the quantitative measurement of the distribution of iron among these iron-bearing phases (e.g., the relative proportions of iron in olivine, pyroxenes, ilmenite and magnetite in a basalt), (3) the quantitative measurement of the distribution of iron among its oxidation states (e.g., Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Fe⁶⁺), and (4) the characterization of the size distribution of magnetic particles. Special geologic targets of the Mössbauer investigation are dust collected by the Athena magnets and interior rock and soil surfaces exposed by the Athena Rock Abrasion Tool and by trenching with rover wheels. The Mössbauer spectrometer on Opportunity at Meridiani Planum, identified eight Fe-bearing phases: jarosite (K,Na,H3O)(Fe,Al)(OH)6(SO4)2, hematite, olivine, pyroxene, magnetite, nanophase ferric oxides (npOx), an unassigned ferric phase, and a metallic Fe–Ni alloy (kamacite) in a Fe–Ni-meteorite. Outcrop rocks consist of hematite-rich spherules dispersed throughout S-rich rock that has nearly constant proportions of Fe³⁺ from jarosite, hematite, and npOx (28%, 35%, and 19% of total Fe). Jarosite is mineralogical evidence for aqueous processes under acid–sulfate conditions because it has structural hydroxide and sulfate and it forms at low pH. Hematite-rich spherules, eroded from the outcrop, and their fragments are concentrated as hematite-rich soils (lag deposits) on ripple crests (up to 68% of total Fe from hematite). Olivine, pyroxene, and magnetite are primarily associated with basaltic soils and are present as thin and locally discontinuous cover over outcrop rocks, commonly forming aeolian bedforms. Basaltic soils are more reduced (Fe³⁺/Fe_total ～0.2?0.4), with the fine-grained and bright aeolian deposits being the most oxidized. Basaltic soil at Meridiani Planum and Gusev crater have similar Fe-mineralogical compositions. At Gusev crater, the Mössbauer spectrometer on the MER Spirit rover has identified 8 Fe-bearing phases. Two are Fe²⁺ silicates (olivine and pyroxene), one is a Fe²⁺ oxide (ilmenite), one is a mixed Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ oxide (magnetite), two are Fe³⁺ oxides (hematite and goethite), one is a Fe³⁺ sulfate (mineralogically not constrained), and one is a Fe³⁺ alteration product (npOx). The surface material in the plains have a olivine basaltic signature (Morris, et al., Science, 305: 833, 2004; Morris, et al., J. Geophys. Res., 111, 2006, Ming, et al., J. Geophys. Res., 111, 2006) suggesting physical rather than chemical weathering processes present in the plains. The Mössbauer signature for the Columbia Hills surface material is very different ranging from nearly unaltered material to highly altered material. Some of the rocks, in particular a rock named Clovis, contain a significant amount of the Fe oxyhydroxide goethite, α-FeOOH, which is mineralogical evidence for aqueous processes because it is formed only under aqueous conditions.     

便携式pH计指示抗坏血酸法测定铁矿粉中的全铁含量研究

采用抗坏血酸做还原剂滴定赤铁矿中的铁含量,利用PHB J-260型便携式pH计监测滴定的终点,通过和电脑联机,快速完成滴定过程,克服了常规滴定法中利用指示剂进行判断的主观性.     

Can Mössbauer Spectroscopy Reveal the Origin of Magnetic Soil in Denmark?

Hyperfine Interactions - The rare occurrence of magnetic soil in Denmark is normally explained by the hypothesis that the site has been burned. However, at some sites formation by means of organic...     

铁氧化物掺杂对沉积物吸持Cu与Zn能力的影响

通过分析铁氧化物、 铁氧化物掺杂前后沉积物吸附/解吸特性的变化规律, 研究针铁矿、 赤铁矿、 水铁矿及贫赤铁矿对重金属污染沉积物中Cu或Zn的固定化可行性. 结果表明, 铁氧化物掺杂后沉积物吸持Cu的能力明显下降, 但吸持Zn的能力显著增加, 尤其是针铁矿和赤铁矿的作用效果稳定. 因此, 4种铁氧化物中针铁矿和赤铁矿具有稳定固定污染沉积物中Zn的潜力, 但不能提高污染沉积物吸附Cu的能力.     

临夏盆地晚中新世沉积物中赤铁矿和针铁矿的含量特征及其意义

利用对铁氧化物矿物灵敏的漫反射光谱法,对临夏盆地的黑林顶剖面(古地磁年代为11.8～5.0Ma)赤铁矿和针铁矿含量进行测定.结果表明:赤铁矿含量在8.6 Ma以前相对较高,在8.6 Ma以后骤然降低并稳定在一低值范围;针铁矿则没有明显的变化趋势,赤铁矿/针铁矿的变化则与赤铁矿的变化趋势一致;赤铁矿、针铁矿含量及其比值在该剖面的变化特征主要反映了8.6 Ma以来亚洲内陆干旱化的加剧,可能与青藏高原在该时期的剧烈隆升密切相关.