Monte Carlo simulation of spatial distribution of X rays in multifilm targets. III: optimum design as applied to W/Al‐film targets

The brightness of the X‐ray source in a W/Al‐film target used for X‐ray projection microscopy was studied by an approach using the Monte Carlo simulation. Since continuous X rays generated in a thin film have a specific angular distribution of emission, the brightness of the continuous X‐ray source cannot simply be estimated on the assumption that the angular distribution is homogeneous. The newly developed approach using the Monte Carlo simulation enables the evaluation of the effective source size, angular distribution, and brightness of a continuous X‐ray source with sufficient accuracy that it leads to the optimum design of a high‐brightness X‐ray source for uses such as X‐ray projection microscopy. The Monte Carlo calculations were performed for W(Δz)/Al (200 µm)‐film targets with different thicknesses of W film, Δz, under bombardment of 60 kV electrons. The results have suggested an optimum design consisting of a W (2 µm)/Al (200 µm)‐film target as most promising for providing an X‐ray source of higher brightness than the W (5 µm)/Al (200 µm)‐film target, which has already been in practice for X‐ray projection microscopy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Molecular structure and spectral properties of thionaphthalimides

The molecular structure and absorption spectra of monothio- and dithio-naphthalimides were compared to their naphthalimide analogues using AM1, PM3 and ZINDO/S semiempirical quantum chemical methods. The substitution of the 4R-naphthalimide oxygen atoms by sulphur atoms resulted in a red-shift of the absorption spectra by Δλ_max60-65 and 100-140 nm, respectively. The thionated naphthalimide derivatives do not show observable fluorescence due to intersystem crossing to the triplet -states localised at the CS groups. The -absorption bands of monothioimides are located at 525-580 nm (ε=60-80) and those for dithioimides at 535-560 nm (ε=140-390) and 628-686 nm (ε=34-68). None of these transitions are solvent sensitive. The -transitions of N-phenylthioimides have also a small contribution from -states due to a partial conjugation between CS group and π-electronic system of the N-phenyl ring. As a result, the bands of aromatic substituted N-phenylthioimides are red-shifted as compared to those of the aliphatic N-methyl-thioimides.     

从Linux源代码分析看程序设计技巧

本文介绍了在Linux内核设计中遵守的基本规则,通过分析源代码介绍Linux内核在程序设计方面的一些思想和实现技巧.     

激发极化法在找水中的应用

激发极化法(简称激电法)不受地形起伏及围岩电阻率不均匀性的影响。因此。利用激电法找水，特别是在山区找水受到了重视，并取得了良好的效果。介绍了激发极化现象和激电找水中的常用参数，给出了利用激电法找水的具体实例。     

教师要树立科学的学生观

学生观是教师对学生所持的基本认识,是教师教育观念的核心要素。教师的学生观来自理论和实践,不同的学生观对学生的发展影响不同。树立科学的学生观,是正确处理师生关系的基础,是实现教育创新的突破口。     

机器低噪声设计的研究

比较了机器低噪声设计与噪声控制的主要区别，介绍了低噪声设计的一般特性和若干原理，提出了低噪声设计要结合于产品设计周期，同时又要兼顾到与设计周期的其它方面的高度交互作用。     

城市污水处理及再生利用

随着经济和社会的发展，一方面水资源日益紧缺，另一方面城市污水排放量日益增大，缓解该矛盾的最佳选择是实现城市污水资源化。本文阐述了城市污水再生利用的必要性和紧迫性，介绍了国内外污水再生利用的现状，指出了目前我国污水再生利用存在的问题及建议。     

拆船行业的污染与环境保护

对拆船行业的发展现状作了介绍,对拆船生产工艺流程进行了阐述,重点分析了拆船生产过程中产生废水、废气和固体废弃物等的污染情况,并提出了拆船事故排油的处理方法以及拆船生产的有关环保措施.     

解析新闻线人的现状及其产生原因

90年代中后期,有偿征集新闻线索的新闻热线在都市类报纸上出现,催生了新闻线人的产生,其后逐渐向其他媒体延伸.新闻线人是媒介市场化、产业化背景下媒体竞争凸显信源重要的产物.伴随着媒体竞争的加剧必将促使媒体加大经济投入收集信源,社会过剩劳动力的加入,必将促使新闻线人走向职业化.     

突发性环境污染事故及其应急监测

分析了突发性环境污染事故的特性、危害，提出对不同类型的突发性环境污染事故，应采用的应急监测方法。