Study on δ‐form complex in syndiotactic polystyrene–organic molecules systems. IV. Formation of complexes with a mixture of solvents and structural changes during the sorption of solvents by syndiotactic polystyrene mesophase membranes

The syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) δ form was crystallized from mixtures with different compositions of p‐chlorotoluene–chlorobenzene (p‐CT–CB) and p‐chlorotoluene–1,1,2‐trichloroethane (p‐CT–TCE). The presence of the δ form and TTGG helical conformation was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) analyses. In sPS/p‐CT–CB and sPS/p‐CT–TCE δ‐form membranes, the relative absorbance (RA) of the p‐chlorotoluene (p‐CT) solvent peak was very high even at very low concentrations of p‐CT in comparison with the RA of higher concentrations of chlorobenzene (CB) or 1,1,2‐trichloroethane (TCE) in the mixtures. However, the RAs of both CB and TCE solvent peaks decreased with decreasing concentrations of CB and TCE in the mixtures. A negligible decrease in the RA of the TTGG helical content was observed with a decreasing concentration of CB or TCE. The WAXD results showed that the 2θ peak positions of the [010] and [ 10] planes of the sPS/p‐CT–CB and sPS/p‐CT–TCE δ‐form membranes appeared in the same position and were almost equal to those of the sPS–p‐CT δ‐form membrane. The mesophases of the sPS–p‐CT [p‐CT (A‐M)] and sPS–TCE [TCE (A‐M)] membranes were used for the sorption studies with different concentrations of various solvents. The sorption amount of aromatic solvents by both p‐CT (A‐M) and TCE (A‐M) mesophase membranes was higher than that of aliphatic solvents, regardless of the size, shape, and nature of the molecular cavity. The 2θ peak of the [010] plane of the sPS membranes slowly approached the original δ‐form value when the sPS mesophase membranes were immersed in various solvents of different concentrations for 48 h. The shifting of the 2θ peak of the [010] plane to the original δ form depended on the nature and concentration of the immersion solvents. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2380–2387, 2005     

Crystal structures of 6-[(2-hydroxy-1,1-bis-hydroxymethyl-ethylamino)-methylene]-4-nitro-cyclohexa-2,4-dienone hydrate and 6-[(2-hydroxy-1,1-bis-hydroxymethyl-ethylamino)-methylene]-4-bromo-cyclohexa-2,4-dienone

Crystal structures of 6-[(2-hydroxy-1,1-bis-hydroxymethyl-ethylamino)-methylene]-4-nitro-cyclohexa-2,4-dienone hydrate (I) and 6-[(2-hydroxy-1,1-bis-hydroxymethyl-ethylamino)-methylene]-4-bromo-cyclohexa-2,4-dienone (II) have been determined. The crystals of I are monoclinic, a = 16.957(1) Å, b = 10.729(2) Å, c = 7.240(3) Å; β = 99.56(3)°, space group P2₁/c, Z = 4, R = 0.0492. The crystals of II are triclinic, a = 10.282(2) Å, b = 7.189(3) Å, c = 16.831(3) Å; α = 90.67(3)°, β = 100.10(3)°, γ = 95.87(3)°; space group P-1, Z = 4, R = 0.0591. The independent part of the unit cell of I contains one unique molecule and water of crystallization, while in II — two unique molecules A and B. C(CH₂OH)₃ fragment of the molecule B manifests the disordering of alcohol oxygen atoms. Both in I and II, the salicylidene fragment of the molecules exists in the quinoid tautomeric form.     

外微分在场论中的应用

建立了外微分理论与场论之间的一些对应法则，指出外微分形式是场论中众多命题的数学模型，得到用外微分运算解决场论中梯度、旋度、散度以及环量与通量的计算和几种重要的矢量场：梯度场、旋度场、调和场证明的新方法。为利用计算机处理这类问题提供了一种简单模式，从而实现求解问题的机械化算法。     

网络时代合同法的最新发展

目前，联合国贸法会电子商务工作组的核心工作是在合同法领域起草一个有关电子订约的公约。电子合同的规则集中反映了网络时代合同法的最新发展。在信息技术的推动下，网络时代的合同法发生了巨大的演变，电子合同产生了许多不同于传统合同的法律规则，其中典型的电子合同法律规则有：电子形式规则、电子意思表示规则、电子签名与认证规则以及计算机信息交易合同中的电子错误规则和电子自助规则等。     

白肋烟中硒的赋存形态及分布研究

研究了叶面喷施补硒盆栽白肋烟叶中硒的赋存形态和含量分布,结果表明:叶片吸收的无机硒进入白肋烟体内代谢、转化为多种形态有机硒,叶中的核酸、多糖和蛋白质结合硒是硒的主要赋存形态,分别占总硒量的74.54%,10.95%,2.30%,生物大分子有机硒占总硒量的87%以上;在蛋白质的分级盐析组分中,其硒的分布为:D>C>B>E>A(即80%、70%、60%、95%、50%硫酸铵饱和度),分别占蛋白质结合硒的41.05%、26.49%、21.46%、12.81%、0.25%.     

建筑与景观的形态整合:新的策略

针对建筑与景观的形态整合探讨了近年来出现的新策略,分析了这些新策略的背景、发展、特征与例证.景观的场域性关注于整体景观的深层结构,其中建筑的形态来自于多重控制系统的复合叠加.对地表的操作主要来自于大地艺术的影响,其中包含着屋顶/地表的互逆.原型形态基于集体无意识而具有丰富的象征意义,表达了人工与自然的对比与张力.这些新的策略促进了当代建筑形态的多元化发展,并提示走向建筑学、城市规划学和景观营造学的三位一体.     

从汉魏六朝碑刻看形似字的区别特征

汉魏六朝碑中存在不少形似字,其区别性特征比较复杂,分析各类区别性特征的产生、发展演变,对于认识汉字内部系统的矛盾运动以及人们对形似字的改造,对区别性特征的筛选,具有积极的意义.可以从一个方面丰富汉字发展史的内容,为汉字的改造提供参考.     

福州西湖沉积物磷形态垂向变化特征

采用化学连续提取法对福州西湖两个柱状沉积物样品中垂向不同形态磷进行分级提取分析.结果表明:1#样品表层沉积物总磷含量在830μg/g左右,垂向各层总磷呈“S”状分布;2#样品表层沉积物总磷含量在700μg/g左右,垂向各层总磷呈“7”状分布.两个柱状沉积物垂向各层均以无机磷为主,占总磷含量的80%~90%,其中铁磷含量远远高于铝磷和钙磷的含量,占总磷量的50%~60%.两个柱状沉积物垂向各层中闭蓄态磷含量很低,说明沉积物中自然来源的磷很少,主要以人为输入为主,垂向各层磷形态和含量的不同,反映了不同时期和不同程度的人为输入磷的污染.     

四边形钢管角钢组合结构通信塔的设计

介绍了一种新型通信塔的设计过程,并通过大量实际计算,对塔架外形及斜杆倾斜角度与塔架用钢量、塔架底部荷载和塔架变形的关系进行了探讨。     

线性时滞系统的新型自适应控制

针对一类单时滞的线性时滞系统,为对其未知的状态时滞参数进行自适应控制,基于LMI方法,采用一种基于“描述形式”的Lyapunov-Krasovskii泛函和新型的带记忆的状态反馈控制,使得参数自适应律能反映实时估计值与实际接近值之间的差值,从而突破以往自适应控制对估计值的大小限制和调整参数计算的困难,给出了一种新型的保守性较小、简便、实用的自适应律,仿真实例证明了该控制方案的有效性。