苦参生理活性物质研究现状与展望

研究者已从苦参中分离出了上百种化学成分包括生物碱、黄酮、三萜类、酚类、多糖等,其中部分化学成分具有强大的生理活性.溶剂萃取是苦参活性物质的主要提取方法,包括煎煮、回流、浸渍、超声波、微波、超临界流体萃取、亚临界水萃取等.苦参的生理活性物质以生物碱和黄酮为主,具有丰富的药理作用,如抗过敏、抗菌抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗心律失常、镇静镇痛等.其中,苦参生物碱已经用于临床治疗慢性乙肝和一些妇科疾病以及农业上抗病虫害.现对近年来苦参中生理活性物质的化学成分、提取方法以及主要药理作用的研究概况予以综述,并对苦参活性物质的研究方向进行展望.     

A Comparison of the Nutritional and Biochemical Quality of Date Palm Fruits Obtained Using Different Planting Techniques

Date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is commonly consumed around the world and has recently become an economical crop in Eastern Thailand, especially the Barhi cultivar that can be consumed as fresh fruit. To maintain genetic qualities, date palm is populated through cell culture. This leads to high production costs, while access to this technique is limited. Increasing date palm population by simple seed planting is currently of interest as an alternative for local farmers. Nevertheless, information on nutritive values, bioactive compounds, and health-promoting bioactivities of seed originating from date palm fruit is unavailable. Effects of different planting origins (cell culture origin (CO) and seed origin (SO)) of date palm fruits at the Khalal stage of Barhi cultivar were investigated for nutritive values, bioactive compounds, and in vitro health-promoting properties via key enzyme inhibitions against obesity (lipase), diabetes (α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV), Alzheimer’s disease (cholinesterases and β-secretase), and hypertension (angiotensin-converting enzyme). Waste seeds as a by-product from date palm production were also examined regarding these properties to increase seed marketing opportunities for future food applications and other health-related products. CO and SO exhibited insignificant differences in energy, fat, and carbohydrate contents. SO had higher protein, dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin E, and calcium contents than CO, while CO contained higher contents of fructose, glucose and maltose. Higher phenolic contents in SO led to greater enzyme inhibitory activities than CO. Interestingly, seeds of date palm fruits mostly contained higher nutritive values than the flesh. No carotenoids were detected in seeds but higher phenolic contents resulted in greater enzyme inhibitory activities than recorded for fruit flesh. Results suggest that appropriate planting of date palm can support the development of novel date palm fruit products, leading to expansion of economic opportunities and investment in date palm fruit agriculture.     

Compositions of the seed oil of the Borago officinalis from Iran

In order to investigate the composition of borage (Borago officinalis L.) seed oil, this research was performed under the field conditions at Shahriyar and Garmsar zones, Iran during the 2012 planting year. The oil yield of borage was 31.46% and 33.7% at Shahriyar and Garmsar zone, respectively, and nine and eight fatty acids were identified in the seed oil of borage at Shahriyar and Garmsar, respectively – palmitic, linoleic, stearic and γ-linolenic acids were dominant in the seed oil of borage from both zones. Unsaturated fatty acid content was more than the saturated fatty acids in both zones. The ratio of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid in the borage cultivated at Shahriyar and Garmsar zones was 2.13 and 2.29. The fatty acid profile of Garmsar borage, oleic and oleic/linoleic acid ratio, increased. Locations with different ecological conditions resulted in changes in both seed oil content and fatty acid profile of borage.     

畜禽肉化学成分近红外光谱检测技术研究进展

和传统的肉品化学成分检测方法相比,近红外光谱分析是一种能够快速、简单、安全和可同时测定多种化学成分的肉品检测方法。论述了近年来猪、鸡、牛、羊四种动物肉中粗蛋白质、肌间脂肪、脂肪酸、水分、灰分、肌红蛋白和胶原蛋白七种化学成分的近红外光谱分析检测研究进展,并探讨了目前研究中存在的问题及其原因。从已发表的研究结果可以看出,近红外光谱分析具有替代耗时成本高的现有肉品化学检测方法的巨大潜力,特别是用于商业上同步检测多种化学成分。研究大多采用主成分分析法进行特征光谱筛选,偏最小二乘和修正偏最小二乘法建立校正模型,交互验证进行预测结果评价。目前研究热点集中在肉中脂肪酸含量预测模型和应用近红外高光谱图像和多元回归预测肉中化学成分。近红外光谱预测结果差异性较大,这与样品集选择、光谱预处理和建模方法都有很密切的关系。样品选择对近红外预测精度具有重要的意义,非均质肉样影响了近红外化学成分预测精度。总的来说,肌间脂肪、脂肪酸与水分指标预测效果较好,粗蛋白质和肌红蛋白指标预测效果次之,灰分和胶原蛋白指标预测结果较差。     

基于统计方法的动态光谱差值提取

为实现血液成分无创检测,针对动态光谱(dynamic spectrum, DS)时域单拍提取法存在的不足,提出时域差值提取法,即顺序提取各波长对数光电脉搏波上相距理想差值间隔的两对应采样点的绝对差值构成差值DS,利用统计方法优选若干有效差值DS进行叠加平均获取最终DS输出。对48例志愿者的实验数据分别利用差值提取法和单拍提取法进行DS提取,结果表明：差值提取法提取DS的去噪效果略优于单拍提取法;对单一个体可获取有效DS的平均个数由48个改善为130个,有效DS间均方误差的平均值由0.39改善为0.006,运算速度提升了近20倍。新方法显著提高了DS提取的质量。     

安徽繁昌柯家冲窑青白瓷釉化学组成及其制釉工艺来源研究

为了解繁昌柯家冲窑青白瓷釉化学组成特征及其演变过程,并探索我国南方早期青白釉的工艺技术来源,本文运用能量色散X射线荧光光谱法(EDXRF)分析了柯家冲窑五代至北宋中期不同阶段青白瓷釉的化学组成,并将分析结果与同时期北方定窑白瓷釉及南方越窑青瓷釉化学组成进行了综合对比研究。结果显示,繁昌柯家冲窑青白釉化学组成在北宋中期时发生了明显变化,其中尤以SiO₂含量的下降和CaO含量的上升最为明显,着色元素Fe,Mn,Ti的氧化物含量自五代时期至北宋中期变化幅度很小,繁昌柯家冲窑青白釉釉色由偏白向偏青转变的原因可能与该窑瓷器胎色的不断加深有关。此外,主成分分析及具有相似功能特性的元素组合对比分析结果显示,繁昌柯家冲窑青白瓷釉的化学组成与北方定窑白瓷釉较为接近,其釉料配方工艺可能来源于同时期我国北方地区以定窑为代表的白瓷窑场。本文研究结果对了解我国早期青白瓷釉的化学组成特征及晚唐五代时期南、北方制瓷工艺技术交流问题等有重要学术价值。     

藏药珠芽蓼的研究与应用

本文对我国藏族传统药用植物珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum L.)的化学成分、药理作用以及对环境的适应性等方面的研究进行了综合评述,并分析了研究中存在的问题,这对蓼属植物资源的综合开发利用具有重要的指导意义.     

γ射线辐照处理竹材化学组分及结晶度变化研究

利用核磁共振波谱仪和X射线衍射仪,对γ射线辐照处理前后的竹材进行CP/MAS 13C-NMR图谱、XRD光谱分析,得出竹材细胞壁主要化学组分在辐照过程中结构和性质的变化规律。随着辐照剂量升高,竹材纤维素结晶度呈现先升高后降低的趋势,半纤维素发生降解,木质素由非酚型向酚型转变。     

圆背角无齿蚌的主要营养成分

分析了取珠后圆背角无齿蚌肉（Ａｎａｔｏｎｔａ　ｗｏｏｄｉａｎａ　ｐａｃｉｆｉｃａ）的营养成分,结果表明：蚌肉的含水量为８１．３５％;干燥后的蚌肉中蛋白质含量为５６．５４％,灰分５．７８％,脂肪３．４８％,糖类３２．１７％,含有丰富的人体必需氨基酸（ＥＡＡ之和占总氨基酸量的３９．７３％）和呈味氨基酸（Ｇｌｕ、Ａｓｐ、Ｇｌｙ等）,此外蚌肉还含有丰富的Ｃａ、Ｐ、Ｆｅ和一定量人体必需的Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ等微量元素．     

与自反的n-color有序分拆相关的一些恒等式

首先,给出了偶数2v的自反的n-color有序分拆与v+1,v-1的n-color有序分拆之间的一个组合双射,并利用相应的计数公式得到了一个组合恒等式.其次,给出了正整数自反的n-color有序分拆数与Fibonacci数、Lucas数之间的一个关系式,并利用此关系式给出了偶数与奇数的自反的n-color有序分拆之间的一个组合双射.最后,给出了一些涉及正整数v的自反的n-color有序分拆数与其它有约束条件的有序分拆数之间的分拆恒等式.