Synthesis of a tripeptide biomarker of exposure to sulfur mustard for support of OPCW biomedical proficiency tests

S-[2-(2-Hydroxyethylthio)ethyl]-Cys-Pro-Phe (HETE–CPP) was synthesized in seven steps as a reference compound for the development of a procedure for its quantification in blood plasma in the OPCW biomedical proficiency tests.     

Dispersive derivatization liquid-liquid extraction of degradation products/precursors of mustards and V-agents from aqueous samples

A new derivatization and extraction technique termed as dispersive derivatization liquid-liquid extraction (DDLLE) speeds up the analysis process by removing the requirement for drying of the sample. The derivatization process takes place at the interface between the analyte containing aqueous phase and derivatization agent laden organic phase. The organic phase is highly dispersed using disperser solvent so that the total surface area is large. The derivatizing agent used is 1-(heptafluorobutyryl)imidazole and the resulting heptafluorobutyryl (HFB) derivatized analytes are partitioned into the organic phase. In addition to reduced sample preparation time, for some of the analytes, the HFB derivatives provide better spectral differentiation between isomers than conventional trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. Method parameters for the DDLLE, such as extraction, and disperser solvent and their volume, type and amount of base, amount of heptafluorobutyrylimidazole and extraction time were optimized on diisopropylaminoethanol (DiPAE), ethyldiethanolamine (EDEA), triethanolamine (TEA) and thiodiglycol (TDG). The DDLLE was also used on various real world samples, which also includes few OPCW organized proficiency test and a spiked urine sample. The observed limit of detection (LOD) with 1mL of sample for DDLLE in full scan with AMDIS was 10ng/mL and with methane chemical ionization, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was 100pg/mL, i.e., 100fg on-column.     

Electrochemical Sensing of Chemical Warfare Agent Based on Hybrid Material Silver‐aminosilane Graphene Oxide

The threat from chemical warfare agents (CWAs) imparts an alarming call for the global community not limited to human being but also extends as unprecedented environmental threat, hence, timely detection and degradation in the event of CWAs attack is very crucial. Herein, we describe a hybrid material of 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) modified graphene oxide (GO) on glassy carbon (GC) electrode along with electrodeposited silver nanodendrimers (AgNDs) for the electrochemical detection and degradation of CWA sulphur mustard (HD). The AgNDs/APTES‐GO hybrid material was characterized by SEM, EDX, BET, TGA, Raman, UV‐Vis, XPS and XRD techniques. The AgNDs/APTES‐GO modified GC electrode was also characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Electrochemical studies indicated presence of electrocatalysis owing to the synergistic effect of AgNDs and GO for sensing CWA HD via reductive dehalogenation. The AgNDs/APTES‐GO modified GC electrode exhibited linearity for CWA HD from 5.3 μM to 42.4 μM. Constant potential electrolysis was performed with modified electrode and degradation products were analysed using GC‐MS, highlighting the great potential of graphene based hybrid material. This new strategy provides an opportunity for the development of “detect and destroy” system for the CWAs and other environmental toxic pollutant, which could help in mitigation of on‐ site events for first responders.     

异环磷酰胺氮芥卟啉二聚体的合成及生物活性

本文以羟基取代卟啉为原料,通过控制反应过程中双卟啉磷酰氯的合成条件,用一锅法合成了5个异环磷酰胺氮芥卟啉二聚体. 所有化合物均经过Ms、1H NMR、31P NMR和元素分析确定结构. 细胞吸附实验和细胞毒性实验表明异环磷酰胺氮芥卟啉二聚体可以选择性富集和杀死肿瘤细胞. 利用荧光光谱考察了异环磷酰胺氮芥卟啉二聚体与牛血清白蛋白（BSA）的相互作用,结果表明卟啉二聚体对BSA的荧光有较强的静态猝灭作用,可以生成稳定的卟啉二聚体-BSA复合物.     

Optical “Turn off” based selective detection and concomitant degradation of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) via Mg-porphyrazine complex immobilized on glass

Covalently assembled monolayers (CAMs) of Mg-porphyrazine complex on glass and silicon substrates were fabricated and employed as “Turn off” sensor for ppm level detection and degradation of a sulfur mustard analogue: 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES). The detection process was read-out optically via an off-the-shelf UV/Vis spectrophotometer in transmission mode. Monolayer based sensor system was shown to be quite robust and stable, sufficiently accurate and reversible under given experimental conditions. Notably, the sensor system exhibited marked selectivity for CEES when exposed exclusively or in mix to different potent analytes. Moreover, action of KMnO₄ on monolayer-CEES complex lead to CEES degradation and resetting of the sensor to its native state for reuse.     

Stability of arsenic species in hydroponic media and its influence on arsenic uptake and distribution in White mustard (Sinapis alba L.)

The long-term uptake and distribution of arsenic compounds by hydroponically cultivated White mustard (Sinapis alba) was investigated with a special emphasis on controlling the stability of the arsenic compounds in nutrient solution during the experiment. It was concluded that arsenites are rapidly oxidised to arsenates during the 7-day cultivation of White mustard. The presence of plant roots increases the oxidation rate of arsenites. Dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and arsenates remain stable during the exposition, while monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) is partially demethylated. When the nutrient solution containing arsenites is exchanged daily, the distribution of arsenic in White mustard is significantly different (translocation factor—TF—is 70 times higher) in comparison to the experiment without exchange of the medium. Speciation analysis of arsenic in plant tissues and in nutrient solutions was performed by high performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (HPLC ICP-MS). The results obtained unquestionably illustrated that the uncontrolled conditions of hydroponic plant cultivation may be a source of misinterpretation of all the obtained data. Additionally, the synthesis of phytochelatins in plants exposed to different arsenic compounds was investigated. Phytochelatins were identified in tissues of plants exposed to arsenites and arsenates, and their presence was correlated with high arsenite content. Phytochelatin synthesis was not indicated in plants grown in the presence of MMA and DMA.     

Hydrolysis of 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene Catalyzed by Cationic Micelles

Micellar catalysis by nine cationic surfactants of the basic hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene(DNCB) was studied. The results obtained are as follows: (I) The second-order constants k₂ for the hydrolysis reaction of DNCB catalized by the cationic micelles increase by a factor of 11–100 than that in water. Plots of k₂ against the surfactant concentration show an S-type curve, and the catalytic effect is observed below the critical micelle concentration(CMC) of the surfactants. (2) For a series of surfactants, there is an optimal chain length for the alkyl of the surfactants to show the greatest catalytic effect. (3) The hydrolysis rate of DNCB decreases as the base concentration increases. (4) For the surfactants with the same hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups, chlorides have advantage over bromides in enhancing the reaction rate. These results can be interpreted in term of the changes in CMC, micelle size, solubilization capacity of the micelles, binding degree of counterion et al.     

1，5－二芳基－3，4－二取代吡唑啉的合成

以对－二（２－氯乙基）氨基苯甲醛为原料，与酮缩合生成相应的α，β－不饱和酮，再与肼反应，制备了十种新的苯氮芥取代的１．５，二芳基－３，４－二取代吡啶啉。初步测定了它们的生物活性，结果表明，化合物３ｈ，３ｉ具有较强的抗菌活性。     

具有抗肿瘤活性甾体氮芥类化合物的研究进展

本文按照甾体的甾核结构对甾体氮芥化合物进行分类,综述了近年来新合成的甾体氮芥类化合物及其衍生物的抗肿瘤活性及研究进展,并对此方面的发展趋势和应用前景作了展望。     

A simple and controlled oxidative decontamination of sulfur mustard and its simulants using ozone gas

A simple and efficient oxidative decontamination method was developed for sulfur mustard (HD), a potential chemical warfare agent. The method involves treatment of chemical warfare agent HD and its simulants, i.e., dimethyl sulfide, diethyl sulfide, and 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide with ozone gas at ambient conditions in acetonitrile solvent. Ozone gas readily oxidizes sulfur mustard in a controlled manner to give its corresponding nontoxic sulfoxide. This transformation is selective and takes place even at subzero temperatures. The oxidation products of HD and its simulants were monitored and quantified by gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.