宽板坯结晶器流场和温度场数值模拟优化分析

以某钢厂宽板坯连铸结晶器为研究对象,通过FLUENT商业软件模拟结晶器内温度和速度场分布,证明原有水口存在上循环弱,热交换慢,保护渣熔化不均匀等缺点是铸坯出现表面纵裂纹的主要原因.针对原水口的缺点,设计出满足现场生产工艺条件的水口形状为扁形、侧孔倾角-15°、底部形状为凸底的新结晶器浸入式水口,并运用数值模拟手段对新水口形成的钢液流动形式进行了分析.结果表明,新水口各项参数均明显优于原有水口,现场实验证明新水口使用效果良好.     

开口式汽车气动声学风洞的低频颤振现象

通过上海地面交通工具风洞中心的1/15模型风洞,按破坏喷口涡流(噪声源)、收集口反馈以及驻室结构三种极限状况,对风洞中的低频颤振现象开展试验研究.通过对比不同状况下声压频谱、压力脉动系数及低频颤振现象主要频率随风速的迁移,更加认清产生低频颤振的机理.对于本模型风洞来讲,产生低频颤振的耦合因素主要是:喷口剪切层涡流激发了驻室Helmholtz共振;喷口剪切层涡流频率与全回路声学模态发生耦合;涡流剪切层及其收集口尖劈反馈共振,构成气流自激系统.     

渐缩型气动喷砂喷嘴冲蚀模拟分析

为研究气动喷砂枪喷嘴喷射颗粒对自身造成的冲蚀磨损情况,通过选取渐缩型气动喷砂喷嘴为研究对象,运用CFD软件对其内部流场及颗粒运动特性进行模拟分析;通过改变收缩角度、颗粒粒径及颗粒质量流率进一步分析影响喷嘴冲蚀速率变化的规律。结果表明:喷嘴的冲蚀区域主要集中在收缩段及收缩段与出口段交界面处;以收缩角度为30°、45°、60°的喷嘴为例,随收缩角度的增加,冲蚀区域出现"逆向发展";随颗粒粒径的增加,喷嘴最大冲蚀速率呈现先下降后上升的"U"形变化趋势,且其最低点所对应的粒径与收缩角度成反比;随颗粒质量流率的增加,喷嘴最大冲蚀速率呈上升趋势,但并未呈现线性关系。     

平面液体层碎裂过程实验研究

小宽厚比喷嘴喷射出的平面水膜进入静止空气中,在不同气流流速环境下对水膜碎裂过程进行了实验研究。结果表明,静止空气中的水膜表面波呈现对称波形,射流的碎裂长度随雷诺数的增大而增大,喷射压力对射流碎裂长度没有直接影响。空气助力作用使平面射流表面波的上、下气液交界面出现相位差。水膜的碎裂长度随空气助力气流速度的增大而减小;空气助力对于低雷诺数水膜射流具有很强的促进碎裂作用,所以会极大地改善低雷诺数射流的一次雾化效果。随着水流雷诺数的提高,空气助力作用对水膜碎裂长度的影响大为减弱;即使在高速助力空气的作用下,水膜仍长期保持较稳定的射流流态,没有出现明显的水膜撕裂现象。说明在小宽厚比喷嘴的瑞利(Rayleigh)模式射流中,高雷诺数射流是水膜的稳定因素。与气液流速比、气流马赫数等无量纲参数相比,液体喷射的雷诺数是射流碎裂的主要影响因素。     

微波增强肼复合式推力器喷管粘性效应分析

微波增强肼复合式推力器的喷管结构较小,其流动规律不同于常规固液火箭发动机的喷管,黏性效应对喷管内气体流动有较大影响。微波增强肼复合式推力器有着微波电加热和单元肼分解两种工作模式。研究了两种工作模式下工质气体压强和温度对黏性效应的影响。结果表明,提高压强可以降低黏性作用,使得边界层变薄,从而提升喷管性能;提高温度会增强黏性作用,使得速度损失增多,但比冲(specific impulse)仍有一定提高。对比两种工作模式,微波电加热模式下黏性效应对喷管性能的影响更强。     

A combined analytical singularity subtraction method and compact implicit differencing scheme for aerodynamic mixing

In spite of the rapid advances in both scalar and parallel computational tools, the large number and breadth of variables involved in both design and inverse problems make the use of sophisticated fluid flow models impractical. With this restriction, it may be concluded that an important family of methods for mathematical/computational development are reduced or approximate models. In this study, a combined perturbation/numerical modeling methodology is developed. The numerical portion of the model uses a compact finite difference scheme, while analytical solutions are used to resolve singular behavior that is inherent to this flow. Solutions are presented to illustrate the efficiency of this methodology.     

Numerical Investigation of Separated Plug Nozzle Flow

Modern analysis techniques that provide improved viability have enabled further investigation of plug nozzle rocket engines as advanced launch vehicle concepts. A plug nozzle for future single-stage-to-orbit vehicles in China has been designed, and the flow field in the plug nozzle has been studied numerically for different ambient pressures. Calculations were performed by solving the Navier-Stokes equations for an ideal gas. Turbulence is modelled using the k-ε turbulence model. The advantages of the plug nozzles are the external expansion, which automatically adapts to external pressure variations, and the short compact design for high expansion ratios. Expansion waves, compression shocks, and the separated base flow dominate the flow structures and affect the plug nozzle rocket engine performance.     

Experimental evaluation of side-loads in LE-7A prototype engine nozzle

During development tests of the LE-7A prototype engine, severe side-loads were observed. The side-load peaks appeared only in certain limited conditions during start-up and shut-down transients. To investigate phenomena causing those severe side-loads observed in the LE-7A prototype engine nozzle, series of cold-flow tests and hot-firing tests as well as CFD analyses were conducted. As a result of the hot-firing tests, two different phenomena were found to cause severe side-loads in the LE-7A prototype engine nozzle. One was a restricted shock separation (RSS) flow structure and the other was a phenomenon termed “separation jump,” the rapid movement of the separation location in the vicinity of the step. A step was installed in the LE-7A prototype to supply film-cooling gas. Hot-firing test results showed that RSS can occur for a limited mixture ratio. Detailed flow structure of RSS on the nozzle surface was revealed by the cold-flow tests. Measured pressures and visualized images of cold-flow tests clarified the mechanism causing the separation jump. The key phenomenon ruling the separation jump was found to be the base flow behind the step. Based on the results of the present study, the latest LE-7A engine nozzle design has been changed to eliminate the severe side-load.

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Effect of Sudden Expansion on Entrainment and Spreading Rates of a Jet Issuing from Asymmetric Nozzles

Turbulent free jets issuing from five different nozzle geometries; smooth pipe, contracted circular, rectangular, triangular, and square, are experimentally investigated by using TSI 2-D laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) to assess the effect of nozzle geometry and quarl (i.e. a cylindrical sudden expansion) on jet entrainment and spreading. The centerline mean velocity decay and the jet half-velocity width, which are indicators of jet entrainment and spreading rates, are determined for each nozzle’s flow configuration, i.e. with and without sudden expansion. Furthermore, turbulence quantities, such as the flow mean velocities and their mean fluctuating components, as well as Reynolds shear stresses, are all measured along the centerline plane of the jet to facilitate understanding the extent of the effect of nozzle’s geometry (i.e. nozzle’s orifice shape and sudden expansion) on jet’s entrainment and spreading. The main results show that the jet flow with the presence of sudden expansion exhibits higher rates of entrainment and spreading than without. In addition, these results reveal that sudden expansion exercises a greater effect on the asymmetric jet characteristics, especially for the triangular and rectangular nozzles compared to their axisymmetric counterparts (i.e. circular contracted nozzle).     

Flow of a dispersed phase in the Laval nozzle and in the test section of a two-phase hypersonic shock tunnel

An unsteady gas-particle flow in a hypersonic shock tunnel is studied numerically. The study is performed in the period from the instant when the diaphragm between the high-pressure and low-pressure chambers is opened until the end of the transition to a quasi-steady flow in the test section. The dispersed phase concentration is extremely low, and the collisions between the particles and their effect on the carrier gas flow are ignored. The particle size is varied. The time evolution of the particle concentration in the test section is obtained. Patterns of the quasi-steady flow of the dispersed phase in the throat of the Laval nozzle and the flow around a model (sphere) are presented. Particle concentration and particle velocity lag profiles at the test-section entrance are obtained. The particle-phase flow structure and the time needed for it to reach a quasi-steady regime are found to depend substantially on the particle size. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 102–113, September–October, 2008.