The impact of biofuel plantation on biodiversity: a review

Because plants convert solar energy into chemical energy stored in organisms, biomass production as an energy source can help to reduce the world＇s reliance on fossil energy and mitigate global warming. Biofuel production is a fast-growing industry that represents a new type of large-scale human disturbance on ecosystems. Thus, the benefits of biofuel production bring environmental risks that include its potential impact on biodiversity, which is still an open question. In this review, we start first with a brief overview of the evolution of biofuel concept; second, we review the state of biofuel production across the continents, with a major emphasis on the main species used and their major feedstock. For which, we found significant differences for land use and environmental cultural management of biofuel plantation between tropical and temperate regions. Third, we summarize the impacts of biofuel plantation on biodiversity at multiple scales, based on the case studied with respect to the corresponding issues. At the genetic level, introgression and contamination by aggressive genotypes are a primary risk. At the species level, habitat pollution, degradation, and disturbance caused by intensive management of biofuel plantation significantly raise the risk of habitat fragmentation, native extinction, and bio-invasion. At the ecosystem level, the large-scale homogeneous landscape of biofuel plantation results in simplified community and food web that severely damage ecosystem services, including ecosystem diversity. Finally, we compare the current and potential benefits and risks of biofuel plantations for the practical application of a biofuel industry of China. We emphasize the land use constraint from food security and biodiversity conservation, and the need for scientific research and systematic monitoring as a critical support for the sustainable development of biofuel production in China.     

尼罗罗非鱼选育家系的遗传多样性研究

近年来,微卫星标记技术因其引物通用性强、检测快速、多态信息含量高等优点发展并成为各种物种基因组作图的首选标记。本文利用11个微卫星标记分析14个尼罗罗非鱼家系的遗传多样性,研究尼罗罗非鱼群体的遗传多样性和家系间的遗传关系。结果表明,11个微卫星位点扩增产物具有多态性,每个位点平均等位基因数为8.36;14个尼罗罗非鱼家系的平均多态信息含量、平均杂合度、平均有效等位基因数分别为0.499 3、0.558 3、2.608 0,表现为较高的遗传多态性。对14个尼罗罗非鱼家系间的遗传距离分析发现,家系NT207与NT213遗传距离最小,为0.204 4;家系NT208与NT210遗传距离最大,为0.760 9。14个尼罗罗非鱼家系间的平均遗传相似性指数为0.649 6,平均遗传距离为0.440 2。UPGMA系统树分析结果表明,家系NT215、NT218、NT210与NT211构成一个分支;家系NT214、NT203、NT206、NT207、NT213、NT217、NT209与NT216构成另一个分支;而家系NT208、NT201与其他家系的遗传距离则较远,分别构成独立的分支。     

番茄分枝方式的形态学和解剖学观察研究

对番茄茎分枝方式的形态学观察及相关部位解剖结构的观察分析,结果表明:番茄的分枝方式为互生的不等二叉状合轴分枝,其花序实际上为顶生花序.讨论并界定了二叉状分枝和花(花序)腋外生的概念.提出一新的形态学术语——假节.     

云南和贵州玉米地方品种遗传多样性的比较分析

 结合田间试验,利用微卫星(SSR)标记技术对分别来自云南和贵州的各15个玉米地方品种群体进行了遗传多样性分析.t检验和变异系数的分析结果表明,云南和贵州玉米地方品种在个体形态水平上表现较高的遗传变异.SSR标记在云南和贵州的各15个玉米地方品种群体中分别检测到多态性位点数265和241个,其位点平均数分别为6.3和5.7个;42对相同的SSR引物分别在云南和贵州的玉米品种群体内检测到平均有效等位基因数各3.36个和2.92个,玉米地方品种在DNA分子水平均表现出较高的遗传变异,且云南较贵州玉米地方品种的遗传变异程度更高,各SSR位点遗传变异参数,均以前者高于后者.遗传结构分析结果表明,云南和贵州玉米地方品种群体的遗传结构均偏离了Hardy-Weinberg平衡;品种群体的遗传变异均以群体内遗传变异为主.     

我国部分优质小麦醇溶蛋白遗传多样性分析

采用A-PAGE对49个优质小麦品种进行了醇溶蛋白遗传多样性检测.结果表明:49个供试品种在醇溶蛋白带型上差异显著,品种间遗传距离(GD)在0~0.935之间,平均值为0.525.聚类分析可将优质小麦分为6大类,1BL/1RS易位系有12份,占24.5%.这个结果表明供试品种醇溶蛋白变异丰富,存在广泛的遗传多样性.     

Value Added Conversion of Ethanol on Morphologically Controlled and Defect-Engineered Titanium Dioxide Nanorods

Developing an environmentally benign and highly effective strategy for the value-added conversion of biomass platform molecules such as ethanol has emerged as a significant challenge and opportunity. This challenge stems from the need to harness renewable solar energy and conduct thermodynamically unfavorable reactions at room temperature. To tackle this challenge, one-dimensional titanium dioxide photocatalysts have been designed and fabricated to achieve a remarkable photocatalytic selectivity of almost 100 % for transforming ethanol into value-added 1,1-diethoxyethane, contrasting the primary production of acetaldehyde in titanium dioxide nanoparticles. By incorporating a Pt co-catalyst and infusing oxygen vacancies into the one-dimensional catalyst, the ethanol transformation rate was doubled to 128.8 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ with respect to that of its unmodified counterpart (about 66.7 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹). The underlying mechanism for this high conversion and selectivity resides in the narrowed bandgap of the catalyst and the prolonged lifetime of the photo-generated carriers. This is a promising strategy for the photocatalytic transformation of essential biomass platform molecules that intertwines morphological control and defect engineering.     

Structural diversity controlled by alkali/alkaline earth metals for heterometallic AeI/AeII-ZnII coordination polymers based on 4-nitrobenzene-1,2-dicarboxylate

Six heterometallic Zn(II) coordination polymers, Zn(H₂O)₃(FNA) (1), [NH₄]₂[Zn(H₂O)₂(FNA)₂] (2), [ZnNa₂(FNA)₂]·3H₂O (3), [ZnK₂(FNA)₂]·H₂O (4), [ZnRb₂(FNA)₂]·2H₂O (5) and [ZnMg(FNA)₂]·4H₂O (6) (H₂FNA = 4-nitrobenzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid), were synthesised by introducing different alkali/alkaline earth (Ae^I/Ae^II) metals. These complexes exhibit diverse structures with the different Ae^I/Ae^II metals used and distinct ligand coordination modes the ions provide. For 1 and 2, the Zn(II) centres with distorted octahedra are connected by FNA to form 1-D chain structures. The Zn(II) centres in 3–6 with distorted tetrahedra are linked by FNA to form 2-D anionic grid layers. For 3–5, these 2-D anionic grid layers are connected by alkali metal (Na, K and Rb) with the O–Ae^I–O connectivity to exhibit 3-D framework structures, while 6 features a 2-D Zn–Mg network. Luminescence properties of 1–6 have been investigated.     

结合数字锁相环空间分集判决反馈盲均衡算法

为了克服常数模算法(Constant Modulus Algorithm,CMA)收敛速度慢、稳态误差大及复信道引起相位旋转的缺点,提出了结合数字锁相环的等增益合并空间分集判决反馈盲均衡算法。该算法利用空间分集技术来提高信噪比,利用判决反馈盲均衡器来克服码间干扰,利用二阶锁相环来跟踪信道的时变特性,具有纠正相位旋转、收敛速度较快、稳态误差小的优点。时变多普勒频移水声信道的仿真结果,验证了该算法的有效性。     

文化多样性与云南民族文化的繁荣与发展

最具文化多样性的云南,在“繁荣民族文化、发展文化产业,建设文化大省”的实践中,3年里,创造了令世人刮目的文艺全面丰收与繁荣,被国内文艺界和舆论界称之为“云南现象”与“云南模式”。本文着力从文化发展独特性和超前性的立论高度,探索经济欠发达地区可以成为文化发达区的现实,努力解读、阐释“现象”、“模式”所产生的理性必然。     

Community structure of β-Proteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in prawn farm sediment

To examine the community structure of β-Proteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in prawn farm sediment, the 16S rRNA gene library was constructed with β-Proteobacterial AOB-specific primers. The library was screened by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and clones with unique RFLP patterns were sequenced. Two groups of β-Proteobacterial AOB, the Nitrosomonas and the Nitrosospira, were detected. The Nitrosomonas occupied an absolute dominant position, accounting for more than 90% of total clones in the clone library, while the Nitrosospira accounting for 5.48%. Nitrosomonas-affiliated clones were grouped into the N. marina and the N. sp. Nm143 clusters, and Nitrosospira-affiliated clones were grouped into the Nitrosospira cluster 1. No other clusters of β-Proteobacterial AOB were found. The results enriched our knowledge of AOB diversity in the prawn farm sediment and provided important foundational data for further functional studies of these microbes in mariculture environments.