模拟口腔加工对馒头体外淀粉消化特性的影响

为探究不同口腔加工方法对体外淀粉消化特性的影响,以青稞馒头和小麦馒头为实验材料,研究了5种模拟口腔加工方法(切块、切块加涡旋、切块加研磨、切块加涡旋并与人工唾液混合、切块加研磨并与人工唾液混合)对淀粉消化特性的影响,并以体内口腔加工为对照,以期优化馒头类产品的体外模拟淀粉消化方法。结果表明:体外模拟口腔加工后的食团粒径(155~350μm)和含水量(62%~64%)均高于体内口腔咀嚼(110~300μm、57%~59%);而模拟口腔加工的食团硬度(0.73~3.77N)低于体内口腔咀嚼(2.44~4.39N)。与未添加人工唾液组相比,添加人工唾液后得到的模拟口腔加工食团在物理特性和消化特性方面均更接近于体内口腔咀嚼。所有的体外方法中,切块加涡旋并与人工唾液混合的方法最能够模拟体内咀嚼,可作为馒头类制品体外模拟淀粉消化过程中的前处理方法。机械破坏的方式和水平以及固体颗粒与唾液混合的方式都会影响团块的形成,进而影响馒头的消化动力学。相关性分析结果显示,馒头类制品在消化后期的最终水解率与粒径呈显著负相关(r=-0.93494,P＜0.05)。考量各指标,切块加涡旋并与人工唾液混合的体外模拟口腔处理方式最适合馒头类制品的体外模拟淀粉消化。     

Electroanalysis of Ibuprofen and Its Interaction with Bovine Serum Albumin

The current work presents a sensitive, selective, cost-effective, and environmentally benign protocol for the detection of ibuprofen (IBP) by an electrochemical probe made of a glassy carbon electrode modified with Ag-ZnO and MWCNTs. Under optimized conditions, the designed sensing platform was found to sense IBP up to a 28 nM limit of detection. The interaction of IBP with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated by differential pulse voltammetry. IBP−BSA binding parameters such as the binding constant and the stoichiometry of complexation were calculated. The results revealed that IBP and BSA form a single strong complex with a binding constant value of 8.7 × 10¹³. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example that reports not only IBP detection but also its BSA complexation.     

Polysaccharides as Green Fuels for the Synthesis of MgO: Characterization and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities

The synthesis of structured MgO is reported using feedstock starch (route I), citrus pectin (route II), and Aloe vera (route III) leaf, which are suitable for use as green fuels due to their abundance, low cost, and non-toxicity. The oxides formed showed high porosity and were evaluated as antimicrobial agents. The samples were characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystalline periclase monophase of the MgO was identified for all samples. The SEM analyses show that the sample morphology depends on the organic fuel used during the synthesis. The antibacterial activity of the MgO-St (starch), MgO-CP (citrus pectin), and MgO-Av (Aloe vera) oxides was evaluated against pathogens Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538P) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739). Antifungal activity was also studied against Candida albicans (ATCC 64548). The studies were carried out using the qualitative agar disk diffusion method and quantitative minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests. The MIC of each sample showed the same inhibitory concentration of 400 µg. mL⁻¹ for the studied microorganisms. The formation of inhibition zones and the MIC values in the antimicrobial analysis indicate the effective antimicrobial activity of the samples against the test microorganisms.     

中空Ag纳米球壳的制备及性能表征

以改性聚苯乙烯微球为模板,采用化学镀法在聚苯乙烯微球表面包覆一层银,在四氢呋喃溶液中将聚苯乙烯微球溶解,得到中空Ag纳米球壳。采用扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射仪对样品进行了表征及分析,并用紫外可见分光光度计研究了粒子的光学性质。实验结果表明：运用此法成功地制备出中空Ag纳米球壳的内径为250 nm,壁厚约为15 nm,并且成功地使纳米粒子的紫外吸收光谱由600 nm红移至900 nm左右,实现了在可见光至近红外光区调节Ag纳米结构的吸收峰。     

多裂纹问题积分方程方法及相关问题

The content of thisreview consists of recent developments covering an advancedtreatment of multiple crack problems in plane elasticity. Severalelementary solutions are highlighted, which are the fundamentalsfor the formulation of the integral equations. The elementarysolutions include those initiated by point sources or by adistributed traction along the crack face. Two kinds of singularintegral equations, three kinds of Fredholm integral equations,and one kind of hypersingular integral equation are suggested forthe multiple crack problems in plane elasticity. Regularizationprocedures are also investigated. For the solution of the integralequations, the relevant quadrature rules are addressed. A varietyof methods for solving the multiple crack problems is introduced.Applications for the solution of the multiple crack problems arealso addressed. The concept of the modified complex potential(MCP) is emphasized, which will extend the solution range, forexample, from the multiple crack problem in an infinite plate tothat in a circular plate. Many multiple crack problems areaddressed. Those problems include: (i) multiple semi-infinitecrack problem, (ii) multiple crack problem with a general loading,(iii) multiple crack problem for the bonded half-planes, (iv)multiple crack problem for a finite region, (v) multiple crackproblem for a circular region, (vi) multiple crack problem inantiplane elasticity, (vii) T-stress in the multiple crackproblem, and (viii) periodic crack problem and many others. Thisreview article cites 187 references.      

Research Progress on Hypoglycemic Mechanisms of Resistant Starch: A Review

In recent years, the prevalence of diabetes is on the rise, globally. Resistant starch (RS) has been known as a kind of promising dietary fiber for the prevention or treatment of diabetes. Therefore, it has become a hot topic to explore the hypoglycemic mechanisms of RS. In this review, the mechanisms have been summarized, according to the relevant studies in the recent 15 years. In general, the blood glucose could be regulated by RS by regulating the intestinal microbiota disorder, resisting digestion, reducing inflammation, regulating the hypoglycemic related enzymes and some other mechanisms. Although the exact mechanisms of the beneficial effects of RS have not been fully verified, it is indicated that RS can be used as a daily dietary intervention to reduce the risk of diabetes in different ways. In addition, further research on hypoglycemic mechanisms of RS impacted by the RS categories, the different experimental animals and various dietary habits of human subjects, have also been discussed in this review.     

Ultrasensitive Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Rare Modified Nucleosides as Promising Biomarkers in Low-Put Breast Cancer DNA Samples for Clinical Multi-Dimensional Diagnosis

Early cancer diagnosis is essential for successful treatment and prognosis, and modified nucleosides have attracted widespread attention as a promising group of cancer biomarkers. However, analyzing these modified nucleosides with an extremely low abundance is a great challenge, especially analyzing multiple modified nucleosides with a different abundance simultaneously. In this work, an ultrasensitive quantification method based on chemical labeling, coupled with LC-MS/MS analysis, was established for the simultaneous quantification of 5hmdC, 5fdC, 5hmdU and 5fdU. Additionally, the contents of 5mdC and canonical nucleosides could be obtained at the same time. Upon derivatization, the detection sensitivities of 5hmdC, 5fdC, 5hmdU and 5fdU were dramatically enhanced by several hundred times. The established method was further applied to the simultaneous detection of nine nucleosides with different abundances in about 2 μg genomic DNA of breast tissues from 20 breast cancer patients. The DNA consumption was less than other overall reported quantification methods, thereby providing an opportunity to monitor rare, modified nucleosides in precious samples and biology processes that could not be investigated before. The contents of 5hmdC, 5hmdU and 5fdU in tumor tissues and normal tissues adjacent to the tumor were significantly changed, indicating that these three modified nucleosides may play certain roles in the formation and development of tumors and be potential cancer biomarkers. While the detection rates of 5hmdC, 5hmdU and 5fdU alone as a biomarker for breast cancer samples were 95%, 75% and 85%, respectively, by detecting these three cancer biomarkers simultaneously, two of the three were 100% consistent with the overall trend. Therefore, simultaneous detection of multiple cancer biomarkers in clinical samples greatly improved the accuracy of cancer diagnosis, indicating that our method has great application potential in clinical multidimensional diagnosis.     

On Some Topological Indices Defined via the Modified Sombor Matrix

Let G be a simple graph with the vertex set V={v1,…,vn} and denote by dvi the degree of the vertex vi. The modified Sombor index of G is the addition of the numbers (dvi2+dvj2)−1/2 over all of the edges vivj of G. The modified Sombor matrix AMS(G) of G is the n by n matrix such that its (i,j)-entry is equal to (dvi2+dvj2)−1/2 when vi and vj are adjacent and 0 otherwise. The modified Sombor spectral radius of G is the largest number among all of the eigenvalues of AMS(G). The sum of the absolute eigenvalues of AMS(G) is known as the modified Sombor energy of G. Two graphs with the same modified Sombor energy are referred to as modified Sombor equienergetic graphs. In this article, several bounds for the modified Sombor index, the modified Sombor spectral radius, and the modified Sombor energy are found, and the corresponding extremal graphs are characterized. By using computer programs (Mathematica and AutographiX), it is found that there exists only one pair of the modified Sombor equienergetic chemical graphs of an order of at most seven. It is proven that the modified Sombor energy of every regular, complete multipartite graph is 2; this result gives a large class of the modified Sombor equienergetic graphs. The (linear, logarithmic, and quadratic) regression analyses of the modified Sombor index and the modified Sombor energy together with their classical versions are also performed for the boiling points of the chemical graphs of an order of at most seven.