Competing mechanisms in the wear resistance behavior of biomineralized rod-like microstructures

The remarkable mechanical properties observed in biological composite materials relative to those of their individual constituents distinguish them from common engineering materials. Some naturally occurring high-performance ceramics, like the external veneer of the Chiton (Cryptochiton stelleri) tooth, have been shown to have superior hardness and impressive abrasion resistance properties. The mechanical performance of the chiton tooth has been attributed to a hierarchical arrangement of nanostructured magnetite rods surrounded with organic material. While nanoindentation tests provide useful information about the overall performance of this biological composite, understanding the key microstructural features and energy dissipation mechanisms at small scales remains a challenging task. We present a combined experimental/numerical approach to elucidate the role of material deformation in the rods, debonding at the rod interfaces and the influence of energy dissipation mechanisms on the ability of the microstructure to distribute damage under extreme loading conditions. We employ a 3D finite element-based micromechanical model to simulate the nanoindentation tests performed in geological magnetite and cross-sections of the chiton tooth. This proposed model is capable of capturing the inelastic deformation of the rods and the failure of their interfaces, while damage, fracture and fragmentation of the mineralized rods is assessed using a probabilistic function. Our results show that these natural materials achieve their abrasion resistant properties by controlling the interface strength between rods, alleviating the tensile stress on the rods near the indentation tip and therefore decreasing the probability of catastrophic failure without significantly sacrificing resistance to penetration. The understanding of these competing energy dissipating mechanisms provides a path to the prediction of new combination of materials. In turns, these results suggest certain guidelines for abrasion resistance rod-like microstructures in composites with high volume fraction of brittle minerals or ceramics with tailored performance for specific applications.     

PAN基低温碳化纤维的性能及应用

该文研制了碳化温度在600～900℃的聚丙烯腈(PAN)基低温碳化纤维,采用化学元素分析仪、广角X射线衍射仪和激光拉曼光谱仪分析了纤维的化学成分及微观结构,测试了纤维的力学及电学性能。结果表明:随着碳化温度的升高,纤维中碳元素质量分数提高,部分氮、氢、氧元素被去除;纤维线密度和断裂伸长率下降,体密度和拉伸强度上升;碳化过程中纤维内部乱层石墨结构体积分数提高,导致纤维体电阻率下降;低温碳化纤维/树脂复合涂层具有良好的防静电性能。     

六方相NaYF4微米棱柱晶体的水热生长

通过温和的水热方法合成了六方相NaYF4微米棱柱.场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)分析表明:该晶体结晶性较好,尺寸均一,直径约为1μm,长度约为5μm,晶体笔直且边缘清晰.研究发现六方相NaYF4微米棱柱是随着反应时间的延长由微米花状球上脱落而成的.提出了其可能的生长机制.     

多孔硅薄膜的微结构及其XRD研究

使用扫描电子显微镜、原子力显微镜和X射线衍射研究了多孔硅薄膜的微结构.SEM图像显示：多孔硅膜表面的微结构比较均匀;沿纵向方向薄膜内部空腔呈流线型分布;孔和孔之间的间距为10～20 nm.AFM形貌表明：其表面在1×1μm范围内的均方根粗糙度为4.75 nm.XRD结果说明：多孔硅薄膜晶体晶格常数随深度增加而变大,多孔硅薄膜孔壁上Si？H键的比例将减少.     

液相法制备炭/炭复合材料的显微结构

采用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对用液相法制备的3种单向纤维增强炭/炭复合材料的显微结构进行了观察和分析.这3种炭/炭复合材料分别采用纯沥青作基体和沥青加焦炭粉、树脂加焦炭粉作预浸初基体制得.在热压成形初坯体内,收缩的微裂纹沿纤维轴向与外界相通,可被再浸渍填充,而孔洞则大多与外界隔绝,不能被再浸渍填充.实验结果表明焦炭填充料的添加改变了复合材料的显微结构,可调整炭/炭复合材料的纤维体积分数,减少气孔的形成,有利于再浸渍致密化;它还扰乱基体层状结构组织,导致其围绕焦炭粉颗粒呈紊乱状态.     

均匀化处理温度对6082铝合金组织和性能的影响

采用硬度、电导率测试、金相显微镜、X线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜和能谱分析技术,研究均匀化温度对合金组织和性能的影响.研究结果表明:铸态合金由α-Al固溶体和非平衡共晶相组成;490～510℃均匀化,Mg2Si相从过饱和固溶体中析出,在510℃以上均匀化,随着温度的升高,Mg2Si又逐步回溶到基体中,560℃均匀化,Mg2Si相和过剩单质Si完全溶解;随着均匀化温度的升高,非平衡析出物鱼骨状共晶形态逐渐消失,针状β-AlMnFeSi溶解、断裂,转变为具有更高(Mn+Fe)/Si比值颗粒状α-Al(MnFe)Si相,析出相在高温均匀化过程中聚集、球化;560℃均匀化,析出物的连续网状结构转变成链状结构,析出物演化为等轴粒状α-Al(MnFe)Si相.均匀化过程中合金中析出弥散α-Al(MnFe)Si相;在490～560℃保温6h均匀化处理,温度升高,合金的硬度和电导率分别升高和降低.     

用循环热处理细化铸造TiAl基合金的显微组织

设计了一种新的循环热处理工艺,并用正交设计试验（Ｌ１６（４５））研究了各热处理工艺参数,即加热速度、保温温度、保温时间、冷却速度和循环次数对铸造ＴｉＡｌ基合金显微组织和显微硬度（ＨＶ５）的影响．结果表明：循环热处理工艺均能不同程度地提高显微硬度,提高的最大幅度达４０％;各因素的影响按大小排列依次为加热速度,保温时间、保温温度、冷却速度、循环次数．利用循环热处理可获得不同类型的显微组织．在正交试验的基础上确定了优化的热处理工艺,并用它获得了细小的显微组织．     

基于实时全息法的二维微结构制作实验研究

提出结合计算机实时显示技术和激光全息法设计新型的全息实验,用于大学物理实验教学。首先根据多光束干涉原理系统探讨了平行四边形晶格、矩形晶格、三角晶格和正方晶格等四类二维微结构的设计原则和相应的光束配置,进而利用Matlab编程对各类二维微结构进行了数值仿真,最后设计实验进行了验证,通过CMOS相机将激光全息干涉形成的微结构实时输入计算机进行分析和处理,成功获得了三角晶格和正方晶格微结构。本实验与全息照相实验具有很好的互补性,由于无需进行光刻胶的曝光、显影和定影,具有直观、方便、快速等优点,可大大降低实验成本;此外,本实验还具有良好的开放性,可进一步用于开展创新性实验探索。