Rational Development of a Metal-Free Bifunctional System for the C−H Activation of Methane: A Density Functional Theory Investigation

The activation or heterolytic splitting of methane, a challenging substrate usually restricted to transition metals, has so far proven elusive in experimental frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry. In this article, we demonstrate, using density functional theory (DFT), that 1-aza-9-boratriptycene is a conceptually simple intramolecular FLP for the activation of methane. Systematic comparison with other FLP systems allows to gain insight into their reactivity with methane. The thermodynamics and kinetics of methane activation are interpreted by referring to the analysis of the natural charges and by employing the distortion-interaction/activation strain (DIAS) model. These showed that the nature of the Lewis base influences the selectivity over the reaction pathway, with N Lewis bases favoring the deprotonation mechanism and P bases the hydride abstraction one. The lower barrier of activation for 1-aza-9-boratriptycene and the higher products stability are due to a better interaction energy than its counterparts, itself due to electrostatic interactions with the methane moiety, favorable orbital overlaps allowed by the side-attack, and space proximity between the B and N atoms.     

甲烷与氯气取代反应实验的创新设计*

基于甲烷氯代反应的机理,对物质体系、反应容器、光照条件、实验表征等进行分析,创新设计甲烷氯代反应实验,利用数字化实验的压强和温度传感器采集的实验数据为支持,更直观地多重表征甲烷与氯气发生的“取代”过程,对于成功实现甲烷氯代反应实验具有指导意义。     

Water‐Stable Zirconium‐Based Metal–Organic Framework Material with High‐Surface Area and Gas‐Storage Capacities

We designed, synthesized, and characterized a new Zr‐based metal–organic framework material, NU‐1100 , with a pore volume of 1.53 ccg^?1 and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of 4020 m²g^?1; to our knowledge, currently the highest published for Zr‐based MOFs. CH₄/CO₂/H₂ adsorption isotherms were obtained over a broad range of pressures and temperatures and are in excellent agreement with the computational predictions. The total hydrogen adsorption at 65 bar and 77 K is 0.092 g g^?1, which corresponds to 43 g L^?1. The volumetric and gravimetric methane‐storage capacities at 65 bar and 298 K are approximately 180 v_STP/v and 0.27 g g^?1, respectively.     

Methane Activation by Diatomic Molybdenum Carbide Cations

Metal carbide species have been proposed as a new type of chemical entity to activate methane in both gas‐phase and condensed‐phase studies. Herein, methane activation by the diatomic cation MoC⁺ is presented. MoC⁺ ions have been prepared and mass‐selected by a quadrupole mass filter and then allowed to interact with methane in a hexapole reaction cell. The reactant and product ions have been detected by a reflectron time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. Bare metal Mo⁺ and MoC₂H₂⁺ ions have been observed as products, suggesting the occurrence of ethylene elimination and dehydrogenation reactions. The branching ratio of the C₂H₄ elimination channel is much larger than that of the dehydrogenation channel. Density functional theory calculations have been performed to explore in detail the mechanism of the reaction of MoC⁺ with CH₄. The computed results indicate that the ethylene elimination process involves the occurrence of spin conversions in the C?C coupling (doublet→quartet) and hydrogen atom transfer (quartet→sextet) steps. The carbon atom in MoC⁺ plays a key role in methane activation because it becomes sp³ hybridized in the initial stages of the ethylene elimination reaction, which leads to much lower energy barriers and more stable intermediates. This study provides insights into the C?H bond activation and C?C coupling involved in methane transformation over molybdenum carbide‐based catalysts.     

A Novel Bismuth‐Based Metal–Organic Framework for High Volumetric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Adsorption

Solvothermal reaction of H₄L (L=biphenyl‐3,3′,5,5′‐tetracarboxylate) and Bi(NO₃)₃ ? (H₂O)₅ in a mixture of DMF/MeCN/H₂O in the presence of piperazine and nitric acid at 100 °C for 10 h affords the solvated metal–organic polymer [Bi₂(L)_1.5(H₂O)₂] ? (DMF)_3.5 ? (H₂O)₃ (NOTT‐220‐solv). A single crystal X‐ray structure determination confirms that it crystallises in space group P2/c and has a neutral and non‐interpenetrated structure comprising binuclear {Bi₂} centres bridged by tetracarboxylate ligands. NOTT‐220‐solv shows a 3,6‐connected network having a framework topology with a {4 ? 6²}₂{4² ? 6⁵ ? 8⁸}{6² ? 8} point symbol. The desolvated material NOTT‐220a shows exceptionally high adsorption uptakes for CH₄ and CO₂ on a volumetric basis at moderate pressures and temperatures with a CO₂ uptake of 553 g L^?1 (20 bar, 293 K) with a saturation uptake of 688 g L^?1 (1 bar, 195 K). The corresponding CH₄ uptake was measured as 165 V(STP)/V (20 bar, 293 K) and 189 V(STP/V) (35 bar, 293 K) with a maximum CH₄ uptake for NOTT‐220a recorded at 20 bar and 195 K to be 287 V(STP)/V, while H₂ uptake of NOTT‐220a at 20 bar, 77 K is 42 g L^?1. These gas uptakes have been modelled by grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which confirm the experimental data and give insights into the nature of the binding sites of CH₄ and CO₂ in this porous hybrid material.     

CH4, CO2和H2O在非金属原子修饰石墨烯表面的吸附

煤层气(矿井瓦斯)是一种有望替代传统化石燃料,如煤、石油和天然气的非常规气体. 作为可得的清洁能源,它的利用被认为是节能和经济的选择. 在本工作中,非金属原子X(X=H,O,N,S,P,Si,F,Cl)修饰的石墨烯(Gr)被用来代表具有结构异性的煤表面模型. 通过密度泛函理论系统地研究了煤层气组分Y(Y=CH₄,CO₂,H₂O)在非金属原子修饰石墨烯上的吸附作用. 结果表明Y在非金属原子修饰石墨烯上的吸附均为物理吸附. 态密度和差分电荷密度共同表明了这种弱的相互作用.其中,H和Cl对CH₄的作用较大; N、O、F、Cl对CO₂的作用较强; N,Cl对H₂O的影响不容忽视. 总的来说,吸附能大小依次为：H₂O>CO₂>CH₄. 因此,在CH₄富集的煤层里注入H₂O或CO₂可以与CH₄形成竞争吸附,进而提高煤层气采收率. 本工作提供了在分子水平下煤层气与非金属原子修饰石墨烯之间的相互作用的详情,并为煤层瓦斯的开采与分离提供了有用的信息.     

Adsorption separation performance of H2/CH4 on ETS-4 by concentration pulse chromatography

To exploit an effective adsorbent to separate hydrogen and methane, microporous titanium silicate molecular sieve NaETS-4 was synthesized and modified by strontium. The adsorption characteristics and diffusion behaviors of the prepared titanosilicate molecular sieve were studied by concentration pulse chromatography. And the effects of ion-exchange and dehydration temperature on adsorbent structure and gas diffusion were also discussed. The results showed that the thermal stability and Henry＇s Law constants were enhanced and micropore diffusivity decreased after exchanging Na＋ with Sr2＋. With the increase of dehydration temperature, Henry＇s Law constant and micropore diffusivity of CI-I4 decreased in both NaETS-4 and SrETS-4. While for 1-12 in SrETS-4, the increase of Henry＇s Law constant and the decrease of diffusion rate can be attributed to the shrinks of pore diameter resulting from the relocation of Sr2＋. Correspondingly, the kinetic selectivity of H2/CH4 reached 8.91 indicating its potentiality in separating H2 and CH4.     

Ni/CeO2-SiO2催化剂的制备、表征及其甲烷部分氧化制合成气性能

以硝酸亚铈（Ce（NO₃）₃·6H₂O）和正硅酸四乙酯（C₈H₂₀O₄Si）为前驱体,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了系列具有大比表面积的xCeO₂-（1-x）SiO₂（x = 0,0.25,0.50,0.75,1）复合氧化物载体,然后浸渍活性组分Ni制得用于甲烷部分氧化制合成气的Ni催化剂。运用N₂物理吸附-脱附、X射线粉末衍射、扫描电镜、紫外-可见漫反射光谱、氢程序升温还原、氨程序升温脱附和热重等手段对所得催化剂的组织结构、还原性、表面酸性和积炭行为等进行了表征;同时考察了催化剂的组成、焙烧温度和反应时间等对催化剂在甲烷部分氧化制合成气中催化性能的影响。表征结果表明,该系列Ni/CeO₂-SiO₂催化剂具有大比表面积,CeO₂晶粒较小,NiO的分散性好且易被还原,表面酸性弱,不容易积炭。当Ce/Si摩尔比为1：1,活性组分Ni的质量分数为10%,焙烧温度为700℃时,所制备的Ni/CeO₂-SiO₂催化剂表现出较好的稳定性、最高的CH₄转化率（~84%）和对产物CO及H₂的选择性（>87%）。     

Nd,Ce和La改性对Ni/SBA-15催化剂在CH4/CO2重整反应中性能的影响

以稀土金属Nd,Ce或La的氧化物为助剂,采用β-环糊精浸渍法对Ni/SBA-15催化剂进行了改性,并运用X射线衍射、N₂吸附-脱附、程序升温还原和热重等手段考察了改性的催化剂在CO₂重整CH₄制合成气反应中的催化性能. 结果表明,Nd等稀土金属氧化物的添加对催化剂孔结构和晶相结构等性质影响不大,但可影响NiO的还原; Nd的添加使NiO与载体之间以Ni-Nd-O形式相互作用,促进了活性组分NiO的还原. 其中,Nd的添加量为5-10 wt%时所制备的催化剂在重整反应中的催化活性最高,且具有很强的抗积碳性能. La和Ce氧化物促进的Ni催化剂也表现出类似的性质和催化性能.     

三(4-硝基苯基)甲烷衍生物的结构和振动光谱的理论研究（英文）

用密度泛函理论优化了三苯甲烷(1)和一系列三(4-硝基苯基)甲烷衍生物2,3和4的几何结构,并计算了其红外光谱和拉曼光谱;通过与实验光谱的对比,对实验光谱中的谱峰进行了指认,并从理论上纠正了部分对3和4红外光谱谱峰不合适的实验指认;同时预测了2,3和4的拉曼光谱.结果表明,几种化合物的振动光谱计算结果与相应的实验结果吻合良好;且化合物2,3和4的拉曼光谱具有相似性.