Delamination of sodium montmorillonite in PA6 in the presence of melamine polyphosphate

This study describes the influence of melamine polyphosphate (MPP) flame retardant addition on layered structure of virgin sodium montmorillonite (MMT) in PA6/MMT system obtained in extrusion process. It was found that the extrusion of the PA6/MMT binary system in co‐rotating twin screw extruder gives intercalated clay nanocomposites, while during extrusion of ternary PA6/MMT/MPP composite, full exfoliation of clay was obtained in the system. Structure of the composites was proved utilizing wide angle X‐ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Exfoliation of MMT in ternary PA6/MMT/MPP system was also confirmed by rheological studies (viscosity and creep measurements) which were carried out using rotational rheometer. Young's modulus of PA6/MMT/MPP was found to be ~25% greater comparing to PA6/MPP of the same filling level. Cone calorimetry experiments proved decrease of heat release rate peak of PA6/MMT/MPP by ~55% comparing to PA6/MPP with the same total filling level. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of Melamine in Dairy Products and Melamine Tableware by Inhibition Electrochemiluminescent Method

An electrochemiluminescent (ECL) method has been developed for the determination of melamine based on the inhibition of luminol ECL. A significant luminol ECL can be found at 1.47 V in the phosphate buffer solution at high pHs and low potential scan rates, this ECL signal can be inhibited obviously by melamine. The decrease of ECL intensity was linearly proportional to the logarithm of melamine concentration in the range of 1–100 ng/mL (R²=0.9911) and with the detection limit of 0.1 ng/mL. The method has been applied successfully to determine melamine in dairy products and melamine tableware, the recoveries were in the range of 98.5%–103.7% and 95.5%–106.0%, respectively. The mechanism of the inhibition effect was also proposed, the active oxygen (O₂^{· −}) generated from the electrooxidation of OH⁻ reacted with luminol anion (L^{· −}) to generate light emission, and the present of melamine can eliminate the active oxygen, which cause the decrease of the ECL intensity.     

蜜胺树脂在硝酸介质中对钯的吸附行为

研究了在硝酸介质中密胺树脂对钯的吸附行为和吸附的影响因素。结果表明，在１ｍｏｌ．ｄｍ＾－＾３硝酸溶液中，存在一定量的氯离子（Ｃｌ＾－）的情况下，密胺树脂对钯Ｐａ（ＩＩ）的吸附率可达８０％以上，同时对密胺树脂和载有Ｐｄ（ＩＩ）的树脂作了红外光谱测定。     

A molecular dynamics simulation of the chemisorption of the optical isomers of propranolol on the graphitic electrode modified with melamine,cyanuric, and isocyanuric acids

To demonstrate the nature of the interaction of optical isomers of propranolol with the surface of the graphitic electrode modified with melamine, uracil, cyanuric, and isocyanuric acids, we have performed molecular dynamics simulations of the four‐component systems with variable modifier's molecules. We have considered the possible formation of complexes between the propranolol and modifier's molecules, covering the electrode approximated as the graphene surface. Our simulations demonstrate that the l ‐isomer in aqueous solutions is bonded to the electrode surface stronger than its d ‐counterpart; hence, the difference in analytical signals arises. Different strengths of bonding of the propranolol enantiomers to the surface modifiers are caused by the different intramolecular interactions taking place in the molecules of d ‐ and l ‐isomers. Thus, we have computationally shown that the modification of the graphite surface with melamine, uracil, cyanuric, and isocyanuric acids allows for increasing the sensitivity of the electrode toward the propranolol enantiomers and using the modified graphitic electrodes for the detection of its d ‐ and l ‐forms.     

A new approach on improving the fire resistance of polyamide 11 by incorporating sulfur‐based flame retardant

In this work, a novel sulfur‐based flame retardant (SA‐M) was synthesized by the self‐assembly of melamine and sulfamic acid. The chemical structure of SA‐M was fully characterized. SA‐M, in company with Al₂O₃, was then introduced into polyamide 11 (PA 11) by melt compounding in order to improve the fire resistance of the polymer substrate. The observation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) indicated the well dispersion of SA‐M in PA 11 matrix. The fire performance of PA 11 composites was evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL‐94), and cone calorimeter tests, respectively. The results showed that the presence of 17.5% SA‐M and 2.5% Al₂O₃ increased the LOI value from 22.4% to 30.9%, upgraded the UL‐94 rating from no rating to V‐0, significantly eliminated the melt dripping, and decreased the peak heat release rate from 1024 to 603 kW/m². The thermal behaviors were investigated by thermogravimeric analysis (TGA) and TGA‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was suggested that SA‐M took effects mainly in gas phase by diluting the combustible fuel, leading to the improvement of the fire resistance of PA 11.     

亚单分子层三聚氰胺的便携式拉曼检测

通过改进Lee和Meisel法,制备了两种银胶。以三聚氰胺分子为探针分子,银胶为SERS基底,使用便携式拉曼光谱仪进行拉曼测试。拉曼光谱表明银纳米粒子和三聚氰胺发生的吸附作用明显,三聚氰胺的四个较强振动峰有4～9cm-1的频移和强度比变化较大。由于SERS基底的表面增强作用,三聚氰胺的便携式拉曼光谱仪最小检测量达到了6×10-12g,实现了三聚氰胺的亚单分子层检测水平。该检测方法快捷、简便,如果结合奶粉或食品中三聚氰胺的固相萃取技术,将可以应用于三聚氰胺的现场、快速、半定量检测。     

Manufacturing,thermal stability,and flammability properties of polypropylene containing new single molecule intumescent flame retardant

Melamine salt of pentaerythritol phosphate kaolin (MPPK) was synthesized by the reaction of pentaerythritol phosphate with kaolin (K) and melamine. The structure of MPPK was confirmed by EDXS, ¹H NMR, FTIR, and XRD. MPPK was blended with polypropylene (PP) at different loading levels. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that MPPK improved the thermal stability of PP at high temperatures in all PP composites. Vertical burning rate test manifested that PP composites can achieve V0 at 20% and 25% MPPK loading levels. Cone calorimeter data exhibited that addition of 25% MPPK to PP reduced peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 86% and 76% and increased the char residue after test to 67%. The results of PP/25% MPPK composite were compared with the data obtained from PP containing 25% K and 25% of traditional intumescent flame retardant composed of melamine phosphate (MP), pentaerythritol (PE), and K. The outcomes indicated that MPPK was more efficient in flame retardancy than the other systems. The digital photographs and SEM images for char residue demonstrated that MPPK succeeded in forming cellular and coherent char layer on the PP surface. The main advantage of adding 25% MPPK to PP was its ability to preserve nearly the inner half of the sample without burning after cone calorimeter test.     

密胺餐具中重金属铅、镉的风险评估研究

以密胺餐具为研究对象,模拟研究密胺餐具中重金属铅、镉的迁移规律,对密胺餐具中的铅、镉进行安全风险评估研究,并提出密胺餐具中铅、镉的安全卫生标准建议值.     

Sponge-nested polymer monoliths: Versatile materials for the solid-phase extraction of bisphenols

Polymer monoliths are promising materials for sample preparation due to their high porosity, pH stability, and simple preparation. The use of melamine formaldehyde foams has been reported as an effective support to prepare highly robust silica and polymer monoliths. Herein, divinylbenzene monoliths based on a 50:50 (%, w/w) crosslinker/porogen ratio have been nested within a melamine-formaldehyde sponge, resulting in monoliths with a surface area higher than 400 m²/g. The extraction performance of these monoliths was evaluated for the extraction of endocrine-disrupting bisphenols from aqueous solutions. We evaluated for the first time the versatility of sponge-nested polymer monoliths by comparing three different extraction modes (vortex mixing, magnetic stirring, and orbital shaking). Vortex mixing showed a comparable recovery of bisphenols (39%–81%) in a shorter extraction time (30 min, instead of 2 h). In addition, the robustness of the sponge-nested polymer monoliths was demonstrated for the first time by reshaping a larger monolithic cube (0.125 cm³) into four smaller pieces (4 × 0.03125 cm³) leading to a 16%–21% increase in extraction efficiency. This effect was attributed to an increase in the effective contact area with the sample, obtaining a higher analyte extraction capacity.     

PVDF微孔滤膜负载金纳米粒子用于牛奶中三聚氰胺的SERS快速检测

本文报道了一种利用聚偏二氟乙烯(Polyviny Lidene Fluoride,PVDF)微孔滤膜为载体的三聚氰胺(Melamine,MAM)的简便快速痕量分析技术。通过柠檬酸钠还原法制得平均粒径为30nm的纳米金溶胶,加入不同浓度的三聚氰胺后金纳米粒子快速聚集,这种纳米金聚集体可以通过简便快捷的过滤技术截留在PVDF微孔滤膜表面,进而用于SERS检测,在水溶液中最低检测浓度为0.05mg/L。我们进一步在牛奶样品中进行检测,在牛奶中检测限可以达到1mg/L,满足大部分国家规定的婴儿配方食品中三聚氰胺的限量值为1mg/kg的参考标准。该分析方法制备过程简单、成本低廉、总分析时间短,易于实现现场快速灵敏检测,应用前景广阔。