中国南方海相页岩气有利目标区优选的模糊相似法

有利目标区优选是页岩气勘探开发的前提.根据中国南方海相页岩气成藏特点,筛选了页岩有效厚度、有机碳含量、孔隙度等13项页岩气有利目标区优选评价指标,并且结合国内外页岩气勘探开发经验,建立了评价指标的分级分类评价标准.针对页岩气储层的厚度大、非均质性以及勘探早期对评价指标值的地质认识准确度较低,用区间数距离体现页岩气有利目标区优选的不确定信息评价指标值差异,应用模糊相似理论,建立了页岩气有利目标区优选的分级、分类并能区分优劣的模糊相似方法.实例计算分析结果表明,该方法与综合信息叠合法相比,评价结果可靠程度高,而且能判明被评价页岩气区的有利类型和优劣顺序.     

下扬子地区海相地层构造演化特征与海相保存单元评价

下扬子地区油气宏观保存条件地区差异性明显.为了更好地评价有利单元,通过多条南北向构造地震、野外露头剖面解释,对海相中生界、古生界构造进行区划,对各构造单元的变形特征和强弱进行解析.结合钻井资料,综合分析认为下扬子地区经历了3期强烈构造叠加改造影响:印支期-早燕山期(Ts-J1-2)江南雪峰由南往北的基底拆离推覆和大别山由北往南上冲推覆构造;燕山期(J3-K1)的走滑构造;晚燕山—喜马拉雅期(K2-E-N)的伸展构造.下扬子海相油气有利保存单元存在于2类地区:一是在印支—早燕山期改造变形程度较弱、保存完好的志留系盖层分布区(滑脱层),它们是原生型油气的有利保存单元;二是在晚燕山—喜马拉雅期重建的白垩系盖层分布区,它们是次生型油气的有利保存单元.对不同构造单元综合分析,认为泰州东台对冲向斜带和海域的崂山—五莲对冲带是原生型油气的有利保存单元,射阳推覆带是次生型油气保存的有利单元.     

Thiazole Analogues of the Marine Alkaloid Nortopsentin as Inhibitors of Bacterial Biofilm Formation

Anti-virulence strategy is currently considered a promising approach to overcome the global threat of the antibiotic resistance. Among different bacterial virulence factors, the biofilm formation is recognized as one of the most relevant. Considering the high and growing percentage of multi-drug resistant infections that are biofilm-mediated, new therapeutic agents capable of counteracting the formation of biofilms are urgently required. In this scenario, a new series of 18 thiazole derivatives was efficiently synthesized and evaluated for its ability to inhibit biofilm formation against the Gram-positive bacterial reference strains Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and S. aureus ATCC 6538 and the Gram-negative strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442. Most of the new compounds showed a marked selectivity against the Gram-positive strains. Remarkably, five compounds exhibited BIC₅₀ values against S. aureus ATCC 25923 ranging from 1.0 to 9.1 µM. The new compounds, affecting the biofilm formation without any interference on microbial growth, can be considered promising lead compounds for the development of a new class of anti-virulence agents.     

Preliminary Investigation of the Antioxidant,Anti-Diabetic,and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Enteromorpha intestinalis Extracts

Marine algae are a promising source of potent bioactive agents against oxidative stress, diabetes, and inflammation. However, the possible therapeutic effects of many algal metabolites have not been exploited yet. In this regard, we explored the therapeutic potential of Enteromorpha intestinalis extracts obtained from methanol, ethanol, and hexane, in contrasting oxidative stress. The total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) content were quantified in all extracts, with ethanol yielding the best values (about 60 and 625 mg of gallic acid and rutin equivalents per gram of extract, respectively). Their antioxidant potential was also assessed through DPPH^•, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion scavenging assays, showing a concentration-dependent activity which was greater in the extracts from protic and more polar solvents. The α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities were estimated for checking the antidiabetic capacity, with IC₅₀ values of about 3.8 µg/mL for the methanolic extract, almost as low as those obtained with acarbose (about 2.8 and 3.3 µg/mL, respectively). The same extract also showed remarkable anti-inflammatory effect, as determined by hemolysis, protein denaturation, proteinase and lipoxygenase activity assays, with respectable IC₅₀ values (about 11, 4, 6, and 5 µg/mL, respectively), also in comparison to commercially used drugs, such as acetylsalicylic acid.     

Species Diversity and Secondary Metabolites of Sarcophyton-Associated Marine Fungi

Soft corals are widely distributed across the globe, especially in the Indo-Pacific region, with Sarcophyton being one of the most abundant genera. To date, there have been 50 species of identified Sarcophyton. These soft corals host a diverse range of marine fungi, which produce chemically diverse, bioactive secondary metabolites as part of their symbiotic nature with the soft coral hosts. The most prolific groups of compounds are terpenoids and indole alkaloids. Annually, there are more bio-active compounds being isolated and characterised. Thus, the importance of the metabolite compilation is very much important for future reference. This paper compiles the diversity of Sarcophyton species and metabolites produced by their associated marine fungi, as well as the bioactivity of these identified compounds. A total of 88 metabolites of structural diversity are highlighted, indicating the huge potential these symbiotic relationships hold for future research.     

百色地区下三叠统-泥盆系烃源岩有机地球化学特征及生烃潜力分析

百色盆地海相烃源岩主要为孤立台地和台间海槽碳酸盐岩.根据百色盆地周缘大量露头样品的残余有机碳含量、干酪根碳同位素、饱和烃色谱及色质等地球化学实验数据,分析了下三叠统-泥盆系海相烃源岩的有机质丰度、类型、热演化程度.针对地表烃源岩样品具有高热演化、低丰度的地化特征,在有机质丰度的热解损失和地表风化损失校正基础上,采用蒙特卡罗法模拟计算烃源岩生烃强度.在综合分析烃源岩地化特征和生烃强度的基础上,认为百色盆地下三叠统-泥盆系海相烃源岩具有低-中等级别的生烃能力.     

ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL MARINE RESERVES WITHOUT SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY IN A SIMPLE TWO‐PATCH MODEL

Bioeconomic analyses of spatial fishery models have established that marine reserves can be economically optimal (i.e., maximize sustainable profit) when there is some type of spatial heterogeneity in the system. Analyses of spatially continuous models and models with more than two discrete patches have also demonstrated that marine reserves can be economically optimal even when the system is spatially homogeneous. In this note we analyze a spatially homogeneous two‐patch model and show that marine reserves can be economically optimal in this case as well. The model we study includes the possibility that fishing can damage habitat. In this model, marine reserves are necessary to maximize sustainable profit when dispersal between the patches is sufficiently high and habitat is especially vulnerable to damage.     

光谱成像技术在海上目标探测识别中的应用探讨

光谱成像可同时获得光谱和空间信息,这使得光谱成像技术在解决复杂海洋环境背景下目标探测与识别时表现出独特的优势,已成为光电目标检测领域的一个前沿研究方向。对光谱成像技术的原理、特点进行了讨论并重点列举了该技术在探测领域的应用;介绍了光谱成像技术在海上目标探测识别中的研究进展,并对光谱成像技术在该领域的应用价值进行了探讨。     

An Endo-Selective Epoxide-Opening Cascade for the Fast Assembly of the Polycyclic Core Structure of Marine Ladder Polyethers

The rapid synthesis of marine ladder polyethers from polyepoxide precursors (in analogy with the biosynthetic pathway hypothesized by Nakanishi) is hampered by the fact that the exo-selective epoxide-opening cyclization cascade that gives THF-type polyethers is preferred over the endo-selective cascade that gives the desired products. We found that perfluoro-tert-butanol (PFTB) cooperating with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM]BF₄) can promote endo-selective epoxide-opening cyclization reactions of trisubstituted epoxy alcohols. Starting from readily accessible homochiral polyepoxy alcohols with a methyl group at all the endo-cyclization sites, we were able to construct polyethers up to five consecutive fused 6-, 7-, and/or 8-membered rings in one step. Notably, molecules with the 7/7/6/6 and 7/7/6/7/6 polyether frameworks of hemibrevetoxin B and brevenal, respectively, could be synthesized in 40 % and 17 % chemical yields.     

Genome Mining of Oxidation Modules in trans‐Acyltransferase Polyketide Synthases Reveals a Culturable Source for Lobatamides

Bacterial trans‐acyltransferase polyketide synthases (trans‐AT PKSs) are multimodular megaenzymes that biosynthesize many bioactive natural products. They contain a remarkable range of domains and module types that introduce different substituents into growing polyketide chains. As one such modification, we recently reported Baeyer–Villiger‐type oxygen insertion into nascent polyketide backbones, thereby generating malonyl thioester intermediates. In this work, genome mining focusing on architecturally diverse oxidation modules in trans‐AT PKSs led us to the culturable plant symbiont Gynuella sunshinyii, which harbors two distinct modules in one orphan PKS. The PKS product was revealed to be lobatamide A, a potent cytotoxin previously only known from a marine tunicate. Biochemical studies show that one module generates glycolyl thioester intermediates, while the other is proposed to be involved in oxime formation. The data suggest varied roles of oxygenation modules in the biosynthesis of polyketide scaffolds and support the importance of trans‐AT PKSs in the specialized metabolism of symbiotic bacteria.