全文获取类型
收费全文 | 24671篇 |
免费 | 773篇 |
国内免费 | 822篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 316篇 |
力学 | 120篇 |
综合类 | 158篇 |
数学 | 4792篇 |
物理学 | 817篇 |
综合类 | 20063篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 34篇 |
2023年 | 88篇 |
2022年 | 188篇 |
2021年 | 225篇 |
2020年 | 231篇 |
2019年 | 212篇 |
2018年 | 197篇 |
2017年 | 237篇 |
2016年 | 298篇 |
2015年 | 472篇 |
2014年 | 1178篇 |
2013年 | 965篇 |
2012年 | 1297篇 |
2011年 | 1709篇 |
2010年 | 1499篇 |
2009年 | 1611篇 |
2008年 | 1862篇 |
2007年 | 2499篇 |
2006年 | 2047篇 |
2005年 | 1865篇 |
2004年 | 1469篇 |
2003年 | 1344篇 |
2002年 | 906篇 |
2001年 | 765篇 |
2000年 | 546篇 |
1999年 | 447篇 |
1998年 | 378篇 |
1997年 | 296篇 |
1996年 | 252篇 |
1995年 | 180篇 |
1994年 | 181篇 |
1993年 | 133篇 |
1992年 | 135篇 |
1991年 | 104篇 |
1990年 | 77篇 |
1989年 | 61篇 |
1988年 | 71篇 |
1987年 | 47篇 |
1986年 | 32篇 |
1985年 | 27篇 |
1984年 | 12篇 |
1983年 | 14篇 |
1982年 | 17篇 |
1981年 | 10篇 |
1980年 | 7篇 |
1979年 | 9篇 |
1978年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
Subramaniam Gopalakrishnan Vijayabharathi Rajendran Sathya Arumugam Hari C. Sharma Srinivas Vadlamudi Ratna Kumari Bhimineni 《Natural product research》2016,30(24):2760-2769
Helicoverpa armigera, an important pest causes serious damage to grain legumes. The main objective of this study was to isolate and identify the metabolite against H. armigera from a previously characterised Streptomyces sp. CAI-155. The culture filtrate of CAI-155 was extracted using Diaion HP-20 and the active fractions were fractionated on Silica and C18 column chromatography. The C18 active fraction was further fractionated on Silica gel 60 F254 thin layer chromatography (TLC). The most active fraction (Rf 0.64) purified from TLC led to the identification of a novel metabolite N-(1-(2,2-dimethyl-5-undecyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)-2-hydroxyethyl)stearamide by spectral studies. The purified metabolite showed 70–78% mortality in 2nd instar H. armigera by diet impregnation assay, detached leaf assay and greenhouse assay. The LD50 and LD90 values of the purified metabolite were 627 and 2276 ppm, respectively. Hence, this novel metabolite can be exploited for pest management in future. 相似文献
992.
高质量实验教材是本科实验教学的重要保证,在创新型人才的培养中发挥着巨大的作用。本文从编写背景、指导思想、项目编写与修订等方面介绍了化学生物学综合实验教材的建设情况。该教材经历了十多年实验教学的考验,能较好满足相关学科的学生培养需要。 相似文献
993.
MohammadSaleemKhan ZarshadAli 《高分子科学》2005,(1):29-35
Dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) surfactant was used in the present study to find the effect of concentration on its electrical conductance in solution from 293-323K above and below the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The micellization parameters i.e. degree of counter ion binding (β), aggregation number (n) and number of counter ion micelle(m) were measured. The interaction of DBSA with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was also studied at 293K throughconductance and surface tension measure ments. A number of important parameters i.e. critical aggregation concentration (CAC), Gibb‘s free energy (△G) and binding ratio (R) were determined and the effect of NaCl on the CAC and polymer saturation point (PSP) was also investigated. 相似文献
994.
Mao-fengZhang Qiao-hongYao Chun-huiHuang Wei-xiaoCao 《高分子科学》2005,(1):27-27
A kind of azo-containing resin (Azo-R) was synthesized by a simple way through the coupling reaction of 2-nitro-N-methyldiphenylamine-4-diazoresin (NDR) with phenol, and a new covalentely attached multilayer film from Azo-R as H-donor and photosensitive diazoresin, diphenylamine-4-diazoresin (DR) as H-acceptor via H-bonding attraction by selfassembly technique has been fabricated. Following the decomposition of diazonium group of DR under exposure to UV light, the H-bonds between the layers of the film convert to covalent bonds and the film becomes very stable toward polar solvents or electrolyte aqueous solutions. Thus the UV-irradiated azo-containing films can be used to measure photocurrent in a conventional three-electrode photoelectrochemical cell using KCl as supporting electrolyte. It was confirmed that the azo-containing multilayer film is responsible for the photocurrent generation. 相似文献
995.
On September 1, 1992 all testing sites in the United States were required to comply with the Clinical Laboratory Improvement
Amendments of 1988 (CLIA'88). These regulations, based on both total quality management (TQM) and continuous quality improvement
(CQI) principles, reshaped the environment for more than 90% of laboratories. CLIA'88 represented a revolutionary change by
imposing universal, uniform regulations based on test complexity for all sites examining materials derived from the human
body for the purpose of providing information for the diagnosis, prevention, or treatment of disease. CLIA'88 specifies minimum
requirements for personnel, quality control, and proficiency testing (PT). In addition, laboratories are required to follow
manufacturers' directions and comply with other specified good laboratory practices. PT is mandated for most of the frequently
run analyses and quality assurance requirements integrate the principles of CQI as well as TQM into the regulatory process.
Biannual inspection is integral to CLIA'88, however, laboratories can choose other federally approved ("deemed") professional
organizations, such as the Commission on Office Laboratory Accreditation, the College of American Pathologists, or the Joint
Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organization, having standards that meet or exceed those of CLIA'88. CLIA'88 has
still not been finalized. This article discusses the impact and changes since CLIA's implementation in 1992.
Received: 5 October 1998 · Accepted: 20 October 1998 相似文献
996.
I.A. Schneider D. Kramer A. Wokaun G.G. Scherer 《Electrochemistry communications》2005,7(12):1393-1397
A method for performing neutron radiography and locally resolved impedance spectroscopy simultaneously in situ in an operating polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) is presented. The new method provides concurrently spatially resolved information about the local cell performance, the locally limiting processes, and the liquid water distribution. Information about the impact of water on cell performance and limiting processes can be gained in situ on a local scale in an operating PEFC. The method was applied to a PEFC operated on pure H2/O2 in co-flow mode under low humidity operating conditions. The results show that in co-flow mode strong flooding and severe drying can occur at the very same time in different sections of a PEFC. 相似文献
997.
W. Kleiböhmer 《Accreditation and quality assurance》1999,4(12):517-520
Maintaining a high quality of research and development (R&D) is fundamental for the competitiveness of European industry.
The development of new technologies and the improvement of existing technologies, products, production processes, measurement
instrumentation and methods as well as basic research is essential. The objective of the workshop on "Quality Management in
Analytical Chemical Research and Development" was to bring together experts from the academic world, industrial and institutional
laboratories and also accreditation bodies to discuss the actual state of the art in the field of quality management in R&D,
and to set up milestones for further activities. Furthermore, an important objective was to present the EURACHEM/CITAC Guide
2. The paper outlines the programme of the workshop and summarises the round-table discussions and expert recommendations.
Most of the contributions to the round-table discussions will be published as full papers in a forthcoming issue of Accreditation
and Quality Assurance. The workshop was organised by the Institut für Chemo- und Biosensorik (ICB), Münster, with the financial
support of the SMT-Programme of the European Commission (Contract No.: SMT4-CT98-6534). 相似文献
998.
A laboratory information management system (LIMS) can make a major contribution to the quality and therefore to the efficiency
and competitiveness of a laboratory. Since it can impact all aspects of a laboratory's organization it must be the key if
not the principal player of the laboratory's quality system. It should support the laboratory in establishing, maintaining
and applying quality procedures thereby enabling the laboratory to achieve its quality goals. As a tool, LIMS permits the
laboratory to input and use its own know-how and experience to optimize the total organization (internal and external) and
workflow of generated information. However, perceived "quality" in the context of an LIMS, can be viewed as being made up
of different facets such as the security, reliability and accessibility of information as well as its turn around time and
production cost. This paper reviews the role of a LIMS in the laboratory and the contribution that both system design and
functionality can have on "building quality ".
Received: 5 October 1998 · Accepted: 20 October 1998 相似文献
999.
Klaus Reber 《Accreditation and quality assurance》1999,4(4):156-157
The Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA) have established a quality assurance system based
on EN 45001 which meets the requirements for accreditation of all EMPA's testing activities. As testing is only a part of
EMPA's range of activities, and is performed in decentralised departments, the system does not satisfy the management needs.
The fundamental reorganisation of EMPA's St. Gallen site was used as an opportunity to implement an overall process-oriented
management system which also included quality and the needs for accreditation. Later, an environmental management system was
added and then certified for ISO 9001 and 14001. The system consists of a "Management Manual" for the St. Gallen site and
a customised "Quality Manual" for each department. One of the key elements is a comprehensive review and planning procedure
covering all business aspects. 相似文献
1000.
吉林大学化学学科自建立伊始,以创新型化学及相关交叉学科人才为根本目标,历经1993年开始的国家理科基础科学研究和教学人才培养基地建设、2009年开始的“基础学科拔尖学生培养试验计划”实施、2020年的“基础学科拔尖学生培养计划2.0基地”建设与基础学科招生改革试点(强基计划)的实施,通过近30年化学基地的持续建设,形成了具有吉大特色的以“厚基础、强能力、会创新”的化学创新人才培养模式。围绕基地持续建设过程中如何针对学科发展以及学生知识结构的变化,不断推进拔尖班、强基班的教学管理模式与课程体系建设,打造高水平师资队伍、加大优质课程建设、探索国家化培养模式等进行介绍。 相似文献