The influence of solid-state molecular organization on the reaction paths of thiyl radicals.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy has been employed to investigate the effect of solid-state molecular organization on the reaction of thiyl radicals with thiols. In an irradiated C18H37SH/thiourea clathrate, the conversion of thiyl to perthiyl radicals is substantial, due to the head-to-head arrangement of the reactants within the channels and the suppression of other possible competing reactions due to hindrance by the clathrate walls. The perthiyl radical was identified using EPR analysis of its molecular dynamics within the clathrate channels. Irradiated polyethylene film containing 30% C18H37SH afforded a negligible conversion of thiyl to perthiyl radicals because of the random distribution of reactants. These results suggest that in the absence of favorable structure-control effects, the reaction between RS* and RSH is unimportant with respect to other competing reactions. Perthiyl radicals are also the major product in the vacuum solid-state radiolysis of lysozyme. A proposal of the mechanism involved in all cases is based on the equilibrium RS* + RSH <==> RSS*(H)R, followed by the irreversible conversion of the sulfuranyl radical to the perthiyl radical. As the equilibrium is strongly shifted to the left, the intermediate sulfuranyl radicals were not detected, but the lack of other competing reactions for the thiyl radicals caused the formation of perthiyl radicals to become the major path in the clathrate and in solid lysozyme radiolysis.     

DMSO对鸡蛋白溶菌酶溶液变性的影响

利用差示扫描量热(DSC)和温度调制差示扫描量热(MDSC)研究了鸡蛋白溶菌酶在纯水及二甲基亚砜(DMSO)/水混合溶剂中的热变性过程, 探讨了酶的浓度、扫描速率和共溶剂的含量对热变性行为的影响规律. 在纯水溶液中, 溶菌酶的变性焓(△Hm)随酶浓度的增大而增大. 而在DMSO/水混合溶剂中, 变性温度(Tm)随DMSO体积分数的增大向低温方向移动, 变性峰变低变宽; 当DMSO体积分数达到70%后, 热变性曲线变成了一条光滑的直线. 另外, 在纯水溶液中溶菌酶的MDSC图除了出现DSC中可观察到的主吸热峰(I)外, 在峰(I)的前面还出现一个小而对称的吸热峰(II), 并且当体系中有DMSO存在时也未能观察到此峰. 当溶菌酶浓度增大时, Tm(II)移向低温, △Hm(II)减小, Tm(I)与Tm(II)之间的距离变长. 吸热峰(II)的出现被认为是由于水溶液中溶菌酶二聚体的可逆离解造成的.     

溶菌酶分子印迹聚合物膜的制备及其吸附性能

以溶菌酶为模板蛋白质，结合分子印迹技术在硅烷化的基质玻片上制备了溶菌酶分子印迹聚合物膜。实验优化了溶菌酶聚合物膜的印迹体系，考察了溶菌酶分子印迹聚合物膜的吸附平衡时间、最大吸附量、特异识别能力、重复使用性以及对实际样品中溶菌酶的分离情况。结果表明，在最优条件下，制备的分子印迹聚合物膜对溶菌酶具有特异吸附能力，印迹因子为3.0，吸附平衡时间为5 min，吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附模型，理论最大吸附量为42.5 mg/g，实际样品中的吸附量为30 mg/g。且此印迹聚合物膜在重复使用5次后，最大吸附量仅下降了5%，具有良好的重复使用性。该方法为复杂生物样品中目标蛋白质的分离富集提供了一种快速、高效的手段。     

Enthalpy changes of salting processes of hen-egg white lysozyme in various electrolyte solutions

The enthalpy changes of salting process of hen-egg white lysozyme in buffer acetate solutions (pH=4.25) as a function of concentration of following electrolytes: LiCl, KCl, K₂SO₄, Li₂ SO₄ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ are determined. Obtained data according to McMillan and Mayer’s approach, has been analyzed in the terms of the enthalpic pairwise interaction coefficients: lysozyme – lysozyme h_xx, and lysozyme – salt h_xy. The ability of cations to precipitate lysozyme solution in relation to the concentration of cations can be seen from the series as follows: Li⁺> Na⁺>K⁺>NH₄+⁺     

反胶团法提取溶菌酶的研究

本文对AOT/异辛烷反胶团用于从鸡蛋清中萃取溶菌酶进行了研究.对商品AOT、精制AOT和重复使用的AOT加以比较后发现未经提纯处理的商品AOT对萃取虽有影响,但仍具实用性.AOT/异辛烷反胶团系统能有效地保护溶菌酶的活性.此外,对AOT浓度、水相pH值、离子强度等对萃取过程的影响也作了讨论.     

Directed evolution studies with combinatorial libraries of T4 lysozyme mutants

Summary Gene duplication with divergence to new functions has been an important mechanism in protein evolution. However, the questions of how many new functions can arise from a particular ancestral gene and how many mutational steps are typically required to generate new functions have been difficult to approach experimentally. We have addressed these questions using T4 lysozyme as a model system by synthesizing two combinatorial libraries of >10⁷ mutant T4 lysozyme genes: one library with an average of 14 missense mutations spread throughout the gene and one library in which 13 active site residues have been simultaneously randomized. These libraries were placed under selection inlacZ orpheA deficient strains ofE. coli to investigate whether they sample sufficient diversity to contain mutants with acquired -galactosidase or prephenate dehydratase activities. Although neither selection yielded T4 lysozyme mutants with these new activities, a novelE. coli locus was cloned that weakly complements these mutants, allowing them to form 1 mm colonies in 4–6 weeks. This growth rate corresponds to a turnover number of approximately 1000 or 25 min^– for thelacZ orpheA complementation systems, respectively, thus defining the limits of evolved enzymatic activity detectable in these selections. Thus, the strong selective pressure uncovered an unexpected solution to the biochemical blocks, a frequently observed phenomenon in selection experiments. The characterization of this locus will allow its elimination from futureE. coli complementation schemes.     

溶菌酶触发的芽孢杆菌芽孢萌发及其异质性研究

【目的】了解溶菌酶触发芽孢杆菌孢子萌发的异质性及其机制,为认识芽孢(Spore)萌发机制和杀灭芽孢提供参考。【方法】应用拉曼光谱和微分干涉差(DIC)显微镜成像技术高通量分析大量单个Bacillus subtilis(Bs)和B.megaterium(Bm)芽孢经溶菌酶触发的萌发动态。【结果】溶菌酶浓度和温度越高,芽孢萌发越快,孢内CaDPA开始快速释放时间(T_(lag))、快速释放所需时间(ΔT_(release))和芽孢皮层水解所需时间(ΔT_(lys))越短;低于20℃,Bs芽孢萌发的ΔT_(release)值是25℃时的4倍以上。SpoVA蛋白高表达菌株的ΔT_(release)值和普通菌株基本相同,而缺少皮层水解酶的菌株ΔT_(release)值高于普通菌株。95℃处理15min的孢子,其T_(lag)、ΔT_(release)和ΔT_(lys)值是对照的2倍以上。Bs芽孢萌发的异质性明显,不仅表现在芽孢间,也表现在菌株间。Bm芽孢对溶菌酶更敏感,芽孢间的异质性显著低于Bs。【结论】溶菌酶触发的芽孢萌发在物种、菌株和单细胞层面都存在显著的异质性;溶菌酶浓度和温度对芽孢萌发有重大影响;皮层水解酶也可能参与溶菌酶触发的芽孢萌发进程。     

溶菌酶涂膜保鲜蔬菜的研究

选用溶茵酶作为涂膜材料，对黄瓜进行涂膜保鲜，于室温下贮藏，分别测定黄瓜的失重率，Vc含量和叶绿素含量，并通过观察黄瓜在涂膜期间品质的变化，确定最佳涂膜配方，为黄瓜在室温下短期内贮藏及延长其货架期提供一种新方法。     

粘虫血淋巴溶菌酶的纯化及其对染病小白鼠的初试

给粘虫注射大肠杆菌，血淋巴中溶菌酶活性增强，然后用琼脂糖（ＣＭＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ）离子交换层析法纯化溶菌酶。小白鼠先注射致病的阴沟肠杆菌，一小时后腹腔注射从粘虫免疫血淋巴纯化的溶菌酶，结果处理小白鼠死亡率比对照组低，说明试虫血淋巴中的溶菌酶在小白鼠体内可能有一定的抗菌作用。