Molecular Beam Mass Spectrometry System for Characterization of Thermal Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition

A molecular beam mass spectrometry system for in situ measurement of the concentration of gas phase species including radicals impinging on a substrate during thermal plasma chemical vapor deposition (TPCVD) has been designed and constructed. Dynamically controlled substrate temperature was achieved using a variable thermal contact resistance method via a backside flow of an argon/helium mixture. A high quality molecular beam with beamtobackground signal greater than 20 was obtained under film growth conditions by sampling through a small nozzle (75 m) in the center of the substrate. Mass discrimination effects were accounted for in order to quantify the species measurements. We demonstrate that this system has a minimum detection limit of under 100 ppb. Quantitative measurements of hydrocarbon species (H, H₂, C, CH₃, CH₄, C₂H₂, C₂H₄) using Ar/H₂/CH₄ mixtures and silicon species (Si, SiH, SiH₂, SiCl, SiCl₂, Cl, HCl) using Ar/H₂/SiCl₄ mixtures were obtained under thermal plasma chemical vapor deposition conditions.     

有机小分子染料和聚阳离子分子超薄膜的制备及其摩擦学性能研究

制备了以有机小分子染料酸性红 1 8为阴离子、以聚烯丙基氯化铵和聚乙烯亚胺为聚阳离子的分子沉积膜 ,用紫外可见分光光度计、接触角测定仪和椭圆偏振光测厚仪对所制备的超薄膜进行了表征 .用DF PM型动 静摩擦系数精密测定装置考察了超薄膜的摩擦学性能 ,采用扫描电子显微镜对薄膜的磨痕表面进行了观察 .结果表明 ,所制备的超薄复合沉积膜具有良好的减摩和耐磨性能     

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF TAIHU LAKE AND RECENT DEPOSITION

Situated in the Taihu plain between the mouth of the Changjiang River and theHangzhou Bay, the Taihu Lake is a large shallow-water lake in China with a surface area of 2427.8 km~2.The lake bottom mainly consists of loess-like sediment. Some buried and silted up channels and residual depressions can be found at the bottom and a lot of Neolithic cultural relics on the loess-like sediment. This indicated that the Taihu Lake was formed on the alluvial plain charaterized by widely deposited loess-like sediment because of siltation and stagnancy of water, instead of by development from lagoons as reported in the past.Recent deposition including influent-effluent current accumulation, wind-driven current and storm deposition in this lake occurred mainly in the south, the west shore and the midst of the lake.The sedimentary rate in the east Taihu Lake is about 1.7-1.8 mm/a, whereas in the west Taihu Lake it is about 0.41 ram/a, only 23％ of that of the former.     

粉末化学镀法制备的NiB／TiO2非晶态合金催化剂对环丁烯砜加氢反应的催化性能

 采用诱导沉积法及粉末化学镀法分别制备了纯态NiB及负载型NiB／TiO2非晶态合金催化剂．用XRD，ICP，SEM，TEM和DSC等手段对催化剂的物性及TiO2载体与NiB非晶态合金之间的相互作用进行了表征，考察了非晶态合金的结构、组成、形貌和热稳定性，并将其用于环丁烯砜加氢反应中．结果表明，相对于NiB而言，NiB／TiO2催化剂具有优良的热稳定性和催化活性，这缘于NiB和TiO2载体之间的相互作用及载体的分散作用．     

STRUCTRE AND PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE Ni/HARD CARBON FILMS PREPARED BY PLASMA DEPOSITION

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The Reactivity of Cr‐Te Superlattice Reactants and of Co‐deposited Cr‐Te Films: Studies with in‐situ X‐ray Diffractometry

The reactivity of a Cr‐Te multilayer film consisting of 326 Cr/Te double‐layers with about 88(3) at% Te was investigated with in‐situ X‐ray diffraction. The occurrence of a superstructure reflection caused by the multilayer system is observed. During the annealing procedure between 80 and 90 °C the layer‐by‐layer arrangement is destroyed and elemental Te crystallizes. After 6 h isothermal annealing at 140 °C CrTe₃ starts to crystallize. The amount and the crystal size of CrTe₃ increase with raising temperature and Te is consumed during the growth process. At 220 °C the formation of crystalline Cr₂Te₃ is observed and between 220 and 260 °C CrTe₃ is completely decomposed into Cr₂Te₃. The two Cr tellurides grow as highly textured materials. The size of CrTe₃ crystals is significantly larger than that of Cr₂Te₃. For a co‐deposited Cr‐Te film with composition 77(3) at% Te the tri‐telluride and elemental Te crystallize simultaneously. The texture of CrTe₃ is less pronounced and different reflections of the tri‐telluride occur besides the (h00)‐reflections. Up to 160 °C a pronounced increase of the crystallite size is observed and the crystals are significantly larger than those obtained with the multifilm sample. At 130 °C the crystallization kinetics seem to be controlled by nucleation.     

Characterization of the Converging Jet Region in a Triple Torch Plasma Reactor

Enthalpy probe measurements were taken of the converging plasma plume in a triple torch plasma reactor and related to substrate heat flux measurements. Results show excellent entrainment of process gases injected into the converging plasma plume by way of the central injection probe. At lower pressures (40 kPa), the plasma volume is equivalent to at least a 3 cm diameter, 4 cm long cylinder, with relatively uniform temperature, velocity, and substrate heat flux profiles when compared to a typical dc arc jet. Converging plasma plume size, substrate heat flux, and enthalpy profiles are also shown to be a strong function of applied system power. Substrate heat flux measurements show smaller radial gradients than enthalpy probe measurements, because of the high radial velocity component of gases above the substrate boundary layer. Enthalpy probe measurements were also conducted for diamond deposition conditions and approximate temperature and velocity profiles obtained. Problems with the uniform gas mixture assumption prohibited more accurate measurements. Reproducibility of enthalpy measurement results was shown with an average standard deviation of 11.8% for the velocity and 7.6% for the temperature measurements.     

Modeling of H2 and H2/CH4 Moderate-Pressure Microwave Plasma Used for Diamond Deposition

One-dimensional transport models of moderate-pressure H ₂ and H ₂ /CH ₄ plasmas obtained in a diamond deposition microwave reactor are presented. These models describe the plasma as a thermochemically nonequilibrium flow with three different energy modes. The solution of the one-dimensional plasma transport equations enabled the estimation of plasma species concentrations and temperatures on the axis of the reactor. As far as pure H ₂ plasmas are concerned, results showed that the model predictions of gas and vibration temperatures are in good agreement with experimental measurements. The model also yields a relatively good qualitative prediction of the variations of H-atom mole fraction with the power density absorbed by the plasma. The results obtained for H ₂ /CH ₄ discharges showed that the model prediction on the variations of H-atom mole fraction with methane percentage in the discharge is in good qualitative agreement with experimental results. They also showed that methane is rapidly converted to acetylene before reaching the discharge zone. The concentrations of neutral hydrocarbon species in the reactor are mainly governed by thermal chemistry. The addition of methane strongly affects the ionization kinetics of the plasma. Three major ions are generally obtained in H ₂ /CH ₄ plasmas: C ₂ H ₂ ⁺ , C ₂ H ₃ ⁺ , and C ₂ H ₅ ⁺ . The relative predominance of these ions depends on the considered plasma region and on the discharge conditions. The ionic species concentrations are also mainly governed by chemistry, except very near the substrate surface. Finally the use of this transport model along with the surface chemistry model of Goodwin ⁽¹⁾ enabled us to estimate the diamond growth rate for several discharge conditions.     

甲醇在欠电位沉积Ru修饰Pt电极上的催化氧化

采用欠电位沉积(upd)方法在Pt 表面沉积亚单层的Ru制备出upd-Ru/Pt 电极. 通过欠电位沉积前后电极在0.5 mol·L-1 H2SO4溶液中循环伏安图-152 - 128 mV(vs Ag/AgCl)电位范围内对氢区的数值积分确定Pt表面Ru 的覆盖度. 用电化学方法测试了甲醇在upd-Ru/Pt电极上的催化氧化, 并讨论分析了欠电位沉积电位和Ru的表面覆盖度对甲醇氧化的影响. 结果表明, Ru能够欠电位沉积到Pt表面. Pt表面欠电位沉积少量的Ru 即能大大促进甲醇的氧化.只要控制upd-Ru的沉积量, upd-Ru原子就能大大促进甲醇氧化而与沉积电位无关. Ru原子对甲醇氧化的促进作用与Ru和Pt是否形成合金无关, 而取决于Ru 在Pt表面的百分含量.     

Electroless Deposition of Thionin onto Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Single Wall and Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes: Improvement of the Electrochemical Reversibility and Stability

A simple procedure was developed to prepare a glassy carbon electrode modified with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and thionin. Abrasive immobilization of CNTs on a GC electrode was achieved by gently rubbing the electrode surface on a filter paper supporting carbon nanotubes, then immersing the GC/CNTs‐modified electrode into a thionin solution (electroless deposition) for a short period of time (5–50 s for MWCNTs and 5–120 s for SWCNTs ). Cyclic voltammograms of the resulting modified electrode show stable and a well defined redox couple with surface confined characteristic at wide pH range 2–12. The electrochemical reversibility and stability of modified electrode prepared with incorporation of thionin into CNTs film was compared with usual methods for attachment of thionin to electrode surfaces such as electropolymerization and adsorption on the surface of preanodized electrodes. The formal potential of redox couple (E°′) shifts linearly toward the negative direction with increasing solution pH. The surface coverage of thionin immobilized on CNTs glassy carbon electrode was approximately 1.95×10^?10 mol cm^?2 and 3.2×10^?10 mol cm^?2 for MWCNTs and SWCNTs, respectively. The transfer coefficient (α) was calculated to be 0.3 and 0.35 and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants (K_s) were 65 s^?1 and 55 s^?1 for MWCNTs/thionin and SWCNTs/thionin‐modified GC electrodes, respectively. The results clearly show a great facilitation of the electron transfer between thionin and CNTs adsorbed on the electrode surface. Excellent electrochemical reversibility of redox couple, high stability, technically simple and possibility of preparation at short period of time are of great advantages of this procedure for modification of electrodes.