东、中亚干旱--半干旱区全新世湖泊沉积w (TOC)与δ13 Corg意义的阈值问题

选择了东、中亚干旱?半干旱区14个湖泊全新世沉积物的w(TOC)和δ13Corg纪录,探讨了TOC及其不同沉积阶段对δ13 Corg变化的影响及两者的关系,为δ13 Corg在古气候研究中的正确使用提供依据。结果表明：湖泊沉积物δ13Corg的变化在一定程度上受控于w(TOC)。该区域湖泊沉积物w(TOC)相对于δ13Corg变化存在相应阈值,不同阈值区间代表TOC的不同沉积模式,不同沉积模式下w(TOC)和δ13Corg 的关系不同。 w(TOC)较低或较高时,两者均无对应关系,可能是有机质受到不稳定的沉积环境影响;不同湖泊主导有机碳沉积的模式不同;δ13 Corg在相应TOC的重沉积埋藏模式下可能与气候变化有关,因此在利用δ13 Corg解释气候变化时应结合有机质沉积阶段进行分析。     

四川泸沽湖湿地冬季水鸟调查研究

鸟类多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分,研究泸沽湖湿地的鸟类多样性对湿地生态环境保护具有重要意义。2014—2016年冬季,对四川泸沽湖湿地水鸟进行了全面调查和系统整理,结果显示:共记录水鸟42种,隶属6目11科,其中,留鸟10种,冬候鸟32种;东洋界6种,古北界34种,广布种2种;国家Ⅰ类保护鸟类2种,占物种总数的4.76%;国家Ⅱ类保护鸟类2种,占物种总数的4.76%,四川省保护鸟类5种,占11.90%;极危(CR)物种1种,近危(NT)物种2种,低危(LC)物种34种。根据记录到的水鸟种类和数量,对其群落特征及其季节变化进行了分析,同时结合泸沽湖湿地的特点,对四川泸沽湖湿地水鸟的组成、种群数量及多样性等进行了分析,发现四川泸沽湖湿地水鸟多样性呈下降趋势,主要原因为人为干扰过大。     

"贝类预警"技术在淮河五河段水污染物追踪中的应用

对采集自淮河中游五河段的沉积物和淡水贝类样品,利用ICP-AES 和 GC-MS 进行重金属和多环芳烃分析,结果表明砷、铅、铬超标,多环芳烃在沉积物中的含量最多,研究区域的PAHS污染严重.这些有毒污染物可能来自上游工业区的淮南和蚌埠段,在贝类软体中有较高含量.因此,这些污染物有可能经食物链富集于其他生物体内,对水生态系统产生损害,进而影响到水产品食用安全,应进一步加强研究,提出防治对策.     

Study of a Model for the Interaction Between Heavy Metals and Sediments of the Pisuerga River

Abstract

We have applied a competitive model, first proposed by Mouvet and Bourg, to explain the interaction between the heavy metals zinc, cadmium, lead, nickel and cobalt and bottom sediments from the Pisuerga River. Two sampling sites were chosen, the first located on an urban sewer and the second downstream from the polluting zone. The calculated constants for the first sediment were always lower than those found for the second one. The validity of the model is demonstrated by the existence of a correlation between the calculated constants and the first hydrolysis constants of the metals examined. All metal determinations were made by means of voltammetric techniques.     

Effects of ultrasonic irradiation and direct heating on extraction of priority pesticides from marine sediments

Priority pesticides (alachlor, aldrin, γ-chlordane, chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos, dieldrin, 4,4′-DDT, 4,4′-DDD, 4,4′-DDE, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate, endrin, α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, HCB, HCBD, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, isodrin, methoxychlor, mirex, quintozene, terbuthylazine and trifluralin) are a group of toxic substances that are known by their persistency in the aquatic environment. Their screening in marine sediments may provide information on the sources and distribution in the water mass of fresh-transitional and coastal waters. This work proposes a rapid and reliable method to extract multi-residues of priority pesticides by ultrasounds irradiation from marine sediments. Multiple variables have been optimised: ultrasound frequency, sonication intensity, signal operation mode, time of extraction and water bath temperature. After sample clean-up and pre-concentration of the pesticides by stir bar sorptive extraction, the compounds were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using the selective ion monitoring acquisition mode (SIM). Better performance was found for ultrasonic-assisted extractions (UAE) at frequency of 35 kHz and an output intensity of 60% in a sweep mode of operation. An increase of water bath temperature to 80°C had a significant effect on the extraction of pesticides with high octanol-water partitioning coefficients (K_ow). Under optimal conditions, method detection limits (MDLs) and method quantification limits (MQLs) ranged from 0.3 to 4.4 ng g^?1 and from 0.8 to 14 ng g^?1, respectively. Recoveries between 70 and 111%, at high precision levels, were found at different types of marine sediments with a single extraction cycle. Method performance was in good agreement with quality control guidelines.     

Decommissioning of a Nuclear Power Plant: Determination of Site-Specific Sorption Coefficients for Co-60 and Cs-137

Abstract

Assessment of radiological risks in strategies for decommissioning of nuclear installations have to consider not only technical concepts such as cutting and decontamination techniques but, even more important, requirements for input of reliable information on the hydrological situation and retardation capabilities of relevant radionuclides specific to the respective decommissioning operation.

In this paper we describe appropriate methods for obtaining site-specific sorption data and present results achieved from a case study performed as a commercial contractual work preliminary to the planned decommissioning of a nuclear power plant. A detailed mineralogical study of the sediment used in our sorption experiment highlights the necessity of a thorough sample homogenization and characterization. Batch experiments using radiotracer techniques for the determination of site-specific sorption coefficients show significant retardation for Co-60 and Cs-137 after only 2h of equilibration between the preconditioned groundwater and sediment. Sorption is more effective in the groundwater of a deeper aquifer containing a higher amount of colloidal clay (illite) particles < 0.63 μn. The Co-60 radiotracer is more completely sorbed than the Cs-137 radiotracer. Equilibration of radionuclide distribution is slow, particularly for Co-60. Presence of EDTA reduces sorption of Co-60 efficiently while Cs-137 sorption remains unaffected.     

南阳丰山古文化探寻

由于丰山的山体内存在着一个巨大的天然溶洞,每到隆冬霜季,东北风刮起,撞击山体,石壁震颤,发出轰鸣,几千年来,人们把这种现象称为＂丰山霜钟＂。从上古时期就有许多神话传说发生在丰山。唐代以后,丰山做为文化载体得到空前发展,李白等众多文豪游历赋诗于此,使之成为集宗教、自然、人文为一体的旅游胜地。而丰山的＂霜钟＂则做为寓意丰富的词汇,超越丰山,被华夏文明的众多领域所运用。     

Lumineszenzdatierung quartärer Sedimente

The purpose of this paper is to discuss briefly the basis, technique and efficiency of luminescence dating. Thermoluminescence and optically-stimulated luminescence are useful for dating of quaternary sediments. Contents: Sediment Dating, Thermoluminescence Dating, Thermoluminescence (TL), Dating Method, Sources of Error, Dosimetry, Dating Techniques, Optical Dating (OSL), Sediments, References.     

流动注射-化学发光法测定湖水中的 As（Ⅲ）

基于As（ III）在碱性介质中对Luminol -KMnO4体系化学发光抑制作用，建立一种测定湖水中As （ III）的新方法。工作中，对泵速、光电倍增管高压、Luminol和KMnO4的浓度等实验参数进行了优化。结果表明，在优化条件下，1×10-4～1．2×10-2 mg/L的As（III）对Luminol-KMnO4发光的减弱有良好的线性关系（R2＝0．9970），检出限为8．2×10-5mg/L，相对标准偏差（RSD）（n＝11，c ＝5×10-3mg/L）为0．5％.该方法具有简便、快速、准确、重现性好等特点，可用于湖水中As（III）的测定，结果令人满意。     

Evidence for tritium production in the Earth's interior

We have made a new investigation on the vertical profiles of tritium and helium isotopes in Lakes Van and Nemrut(Eastern Turkey),using experimental data from the reference by Kipfer et al.for study of long-term vertical mixing and deep water renewal in Lake Van.Lakes Van and Nemrut are crater lakes.Lake Nemrut is at the western border of Lake Van.The 3He and 4He are injected at the bottom of Lakes Van and Nemrut,and the both helium isotopes are confirmed from the mantle source.From 3H(tritium) data in Lakes Van and Nemrut,we have observed "3H anomaly" at the vertical profile of 3H concentrations in Lake Nemrut.The 3H concentration at the lake bottom is 10% higher than at the surface.The difference of 3H concentrations between surface and bottom is about 3.7±1.2 TU.This excess 3H should be injected from the lake bottom.An investigation on the origin of the injected tritium has been made.The results show the conventional origins are excluded,such as residence of precipitation tritium from nuclear testing in the early 1950s-1960s and tritium from known nuclear reactions.Based on the correlation of excess 3H with 3He and heat flow in Lake Nemrut,we infer that the 3He and 3H might be all from the mantle source,and produced by the supposed natural-nuclear-fusion,which might occur in an environment rich in water(H) and(U Th) at high temperature and high pressure in the deep Earth.Detection of tritium in the Earth's interior is a key evidence for exploration of natural nuclear fusion in the deep Earth.Based on the published data,we have found that the excess 3He and 3H injected at the bottom of Lake Laacher(Germany) were also released from the mantle source.The present work will be helpful to the further study of mechanism of natural nuclear fusion in the Earth's interior.