堰塞湖坝体稳定性研究现状及展望

2008年5月12日汶川发生里氏8.0级大地震,在灾区形成了30多个堰塞湖,严重威胁了下游人民群众的生命财产安全,引起了世人对堰塞湖坝体稳定的高度关注。本文在前人研究的基础上,从地形地貌、诱发原因、寿命三个方面总结了堰塞湖坝体形成及存在的机理。重点分析总结了目前堰塞湖坝体稳定性的研究进展,指出影响坝体稳定性的内因为堰塞坝的形态与规模、物质组成与结构,外因为堰塞湖湖水体积; 总结了前人关于影响坝体稳定性的关键因素以及室内模型试验的研究成果。最后分析了目前研究存在的问题,展望了未来的研究方向。     

Examination of Contemporary Lake Sediments by Means of Thermal Analysis: The Dabie lake near Szczecin

An attempt was made to use thermal analysis (DTA, TG, DTG) for identification of the mineralogical composition of contemporary lake sediments. Sediments were investigated both in the natural state and after ignition at 300°C. Selected fractions of the sediments in the natural state were also studied. The thermoanalytical curves of mollusca shells, reed and plankton were also recorded for use in the interpretation of the thermoanalytical curves of sediments.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

黄石城区湖泊水环境污染现状及污染治理措施研究

对黄石市城区湖泊水环境质量现状进行分析,并叙述了已经采取和正在采取的治理措施。在对当前对湖泊治理的基本方法研究的基础上,提出了对黄石城区湖泊进行综合整治的措施     

Elevated tri(n-butyl)tin concentrations in shellfish and sediments from Suva Harbour,Fiji

Tri(n-butyl)tin (TBT) concentrations were determined in sediments and selected shellfish from Suva Harbour, Fiji. Sediments in the immediate vicinity of foreshore slipways and boatyards were exceedingly contaminated, with a maximum observed level of 38μ g^?1 TBT-Sn. Concentrations were much lower in surficial sediments from commercial docks and yacht mooring areas, namely 16–83 ng g^?1 TBT-Sn. Mangrove oysters (Crassostrea mordax), gastropods (Thais mancinella), and bivalves (Anadara scapha) were found to have accumulated TBT. Concentrations as high as 3180 ng g^?1 TBT-Sn were found in mangrove oysters. With respect to the mangrove oyster, its widespread distribution, abundance and proclivity to accumulate TBT suggest that it is likely to be the best bioindicator species of TBT contamination in Fijian coastal waters.     

Butyltin speciation in sediments and biological samples by hydride generation gas chromatography quartz furnace atomic absorption spectrometry; a study of acid leaching procedures and hydride generation

The efficiency of the extraction of butyltin compounds from sediments and biological matter by acid leaching procedures has been evaluated on real samples using the hydride generation gas chromatography quartz furnace atomic absorption (GC AA) speciation method. The most efficient method uses cold pure acetic acid over a period of four hours. Hydride generation using sodium tetrahydroborate (NaBH₄) is dependent on matrix composition and care must be taken to adapt the amount of reactant to the organic content of the sample.     

咸化湖盆过渡相组沉积控储作用浅析

咸化湖盆过渡相组（三角洲前缘与浅湖亚相）沉积特征与淡水湖盆存在显著差异,尤其在骨架砂体微相类型、分布等方面。研究其沉积控储机制,既是对湖盆沉积学理论的重要发展,也对中国陆相盆地碎屑岩油气勘探开发具有实际指导意义。应用大量岩芯、测录井及铸体薄片资料,分析了柴达木盆地英东地区下油砂山组（N₂¹）与上油砂山组（N₂²）三角洲前缘浅湖沉积特征及优质储层形成主控因素。研究表明,咸化湖盆三角洲前缘浅湖主要发育水下分流河道与滩坝两种储集砂体沉积微相类型。两者在沉积构造、粒度分布、微观组构及测井曲线叠加样式等方面存在显著差异。沉积微相是优质储层形成的物质基础,与湖盆水体咸化程度共同控制了优质储层的分布。咸化湖盆碎屑岩储层整体成分成熟度偏低,以原生孔隙为主,溶蚀作用较弱,次生孔隙相对欠发育。强烈的早成岩期碳酸盐胶结作用增加了岩石的抗压能力。储层物性主要受控于岩石粒度与胶结物含量。     

基于星地测量和辐射传输模式的特定地域大气中分辨力光谱辐射特征

利用中分辨力成像光谱仪数据,采用星地测量并结合中分辨力辐射传输模式,以巢湖流域及周边为实验区,计算得到该地区夏季实际大气层结下沿观测路径整层大气透过率、大气辐射、大气热辐射和大气散射的太阳辐射在中分辨力光谱上的特征,以及整层大气廓线。研究结果表明：受能见度影响,实验区两地点水体像元处的整层大气透过率数值略高于植被像元处;两地卫星入瞳处的程辐射和卫星探测器探测到的程辐射谱分布相似;在可见至近红外波段,大气程辐射和散射的太阳辐射谱分布相似性较强,且随着波长增加而数值均逐渐减小,而大气热辐射数值很小;两个地点在短波范围内路径热辐射很低且接近,随着波长的增加,热辐射明显增强,波长越长,两地点热辐射差别越明显;当日天气晴好,气溶胶含量较低,而且两地距离很近,因此两地的大气廓线数据基本相似。     

封洲禁牧对鄱阳湖疫区血吸虫病水体感染性影响的研究

简介了鄱阳湖血吸虫病的流行概况,巧妙地设计出不灭钉螺、采取封洲禁牧等综合措施,从而做到有螺无害、净化草洲,有效地降低鄱阳湖疫区血吸虫病水体的感染性指数。     

长江源头典型湖泊表层沉积物中多氯联苯残留状况

选择地处长江源头典型湖泊之一的红枫湖为试区,对该水域的14个典型采样点表层沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)残留量进行了调研,以揭示长江源头典型湖泊中PCBs的残留现状,以及各种同系物在湖泊底质中的分布特征.结果表明:PCBs残留总量介于ND~87.7 ng/g之间,平均值在27.2 ng/g,主要以4~6氯联苯为主.按残留量均值从高到低的几种同系物依次是:PCB138>PCB153>PCB126>PCB180>PCB105;检出率较高的几种同系物依次是:PCB153>PCB138>PCB126>PCB180.PCBs含量具有明显的地域性,以花鱼洞大桥为界限,将湖分为南北两湖,PCBs总含量北湖明显高于南湖.初步认为工业污染和PCBs理化性质是造成百花湖底质中PCBs来源的主要原因.