宜万铁路复杂岩溶隧道水害综合防治技术

以宜万铁路8座I级复杂岩溶高风险隧道之一的大支坪隧道为背景,通过施工方案、防风险措施的不断研究与实践,总结出了复杂岩溶隧道规避风险、安全施工、防水害、结构安全的较成功的应对措施。     

黔东南生态文明建设试验区石漠化演变规律与发展趋势研究

截至2005年,以贵州高原为中心的中国南方喀斯特地区石漠化土地总面积已经达到12.96×104km2,中国南方石漠化与西北地区的沙漠化、黄土高原的水土流失成为我国三大生态灾害。以黔东南自治州为主要对象,研究了生态综合治理下黔东南州2000~2005年石漠化的变化特征,应用空间转移矩阵预测未来发展趋势。数据表明:黔东南州石漠化面积从2000年1 638.46km2发展到2005年的1 753.60 km2,5年间平均每年增加23km2,到2050年石漠化面积将达到2 634.45 km2,占全州国土面积的8.68%。虽然黔东南州石漠化低于贵州平均水平,但是石漠化防治工作不容忽视,要建设黔东南生态文明试验区,石漠化治理仍是一个长期、艰巨的任务。     

喀斯特地区都安瑶族自治县农业生态经济系统能值分析

收集都安瑶族自治县2004年相关统计资料,用能值法建立能值指标体系,通过能值投资率、能值自给率、环境负载指数、可持续利用指数和单位面积宏观经济价值产出5个指标分析评价都安县农业生态经济系统。结果显示,都安县能值投资率为5.46,能值自给率15.47%,环境负载指数5.53,可持续利用指数0.10,单位面积宏观经济价值产出1.5×105EM$.km-2.-a1。能值指标表明,都安农业生态经济系统能值利用技术水平较低,农业经济发展相对落后,但是系统生产效率较高,在获取经济输入能值方面具有优势;经济发展对环境资源的依赖程度较高,但是对资源环境带来的压力大;系统的可持续性较弱。都安农业生态经济系统进一步的发展应加强都安农业生态经济系统的对外开放程度,提高系统的能值反馈率;优化农业产业结构,发展生态农业,提高能值利用率;治理水土流失,提高土地生产力;合理运用当地条件,发展对外经济;控制人口增长,提高人口素质。     

莱芜盆地构造演化特征及水文地质意义

为研究莱芜盆地构造演化特征及其对水文地质特征的影响,利用平衡剖面原理结合资料分析对莱芜盆地伸展速率、主要断裂活动速率进行计算,恢复了盆地构造演化史。利用96口钻孔及饮水井调查数据,将盆地岩溶水系统模式划分为"顺置式"和"逆置式"两种,并从构造位置、含水岩组类型、岩溶地下水补排条件及水化学性质对比分析其特征;结合野外地质调查,研究了枣园、吴小庄-双泉村2处受燕山期岩浆侵入影响形成的岩溶地下水富集带的水文地质特征;钻探结果,盆地部分地区古近系地层发育半固结砂砾岩,含水岩组兼具孔隙水及裂隙水特征,富水性好。     

基于束波变换的叠后缝洞精细成像处理技术

碳酸盐岩储层中溶蚀孔洞和断裂的精确成像是地震油气勘探和开发的关键。以塔里木盆地塔河油田某区块奥陶系碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层为例,在精细的叠前预处理和逆时偏移的基础之上,利用束波变换技术,对研究区的地震数据进行了不同尺度的分解和重构,并对处理结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:束波变换技术可以有效改善溶蚀孔洞和断裂的成像效果,小尺度的束波变换适用于溶蚀孔洞信息的提取,而大尺度的束波变换更有利于增强断裂的清晰度,实际应用中应根据地质体的大小来选择合理的尺度参数。     

贵州凯里-黄平地区铝土矿空间分布规律与古岩溶地貌关系的研究

通过对凯里-黄平铝土矿区中王家寨矿区、苦李井矿区、铁厂沟矿区和渔洞矿区的铝土矿空间分布规律及与古岩溶地貌关系的研究,得出研究区铝土矿床的空间分布规律、矿体的空间形态、规模、品位及厚度等均受到古岩溶作用控制。古岩溶地貌为溶斗区域的铝土矿体厚度变化大,延展较小;但其矿石质量较好,品位较高;而古岩溶地貌为岩溶洼地区域的铝土矿体厚度变化较小,呈似层状产出;但矿体厚度小,矿石质量相对低一些;同时铝土矿体厚度、品位与含铝岩系厚度呈明显正相关,这也与古岩溶地貌有着密切的关系。     

Apports de la colorimétrie et de la spectroradiométrie à la caractérisation in situ des peintures paléolithiques de la grotte Chauvet (Ardèche,France)

The colour of the Palaeolithic paintings on cave walls has been studied primarily in a qualitative way and, more rarely, from the physical angle. Our approach is based on the production of colorimetric measurements in caves, by means of the acquisition of energy radiance spectra with a portable spectroradiometer that can function without contact, several metres away from the decorated walls being studied, thus respecting the constraints of conservation. The colour of parietal works is an element that needs to be taken into account for their archaeological study and conservation. But observation is insufficient and only the measurement of colour makes it possible to compare distant works on rocky supports with different colourings and surface conditions.This article shows the methodology used, and it takes stock of the experience acquired in the research programme on the Chauvet Cave. It also attempts to show the benefits of taking spectroradiometric measurements on prehistoric artworks. However, the in-situ study of their colour cannot be a substitute for chemical and mineralogical analyses and the characterization of the materials, either sampled or in place. Its interest lies in its capacity for detecting even minimal changes in condition and composition. So our objective has been to establish comparisons between the graphic entities to identify the origins of the variations detected in their optical signatures. These variations can be linked to the nature of the colouring materials, but also to their position on the wall, a consequence of the application methods and sometimes also of later removals through taphonomic processes such as water run-off. Alterations (patinas) and coverings (notably veils of calcite or clay) have also been taken into account in our analysis of the data. Hence, we carried out experiments in calcification of surfaces to evaluate the case – quite frequent in caves – of calcite covering a coloured surface, outside of any other phenomenon of alteration. The first results lead us assume that it is possible to identify the signature of a veil of calcite on given colouring materials and also to present hypotheses about the nature of colouring materials covered by a veil of calcite.     

大连市大魏家喀斯特水源地海水入侵现状

对大连市大魏家喀斯特水源地海水入侵现状及机理进行了研究。通过分析区域地质构造条件、喀斯特发育规律、地下水动态,重点对海水入侵的平面、垂向分布规律及其演化过程进行了研究,结果表明海水入侵机理较复杂,主要受构造、喀斯特发育以及人工过量开采地下水等多种因素的影响。为了控制海水入侵必须采取控制地下水的开采量,同时要建立地下水动态监测系统,对海水入侵的重点地段必须建立地下喀斯特水库。     

CBERS-02数据在喀斯特石漠化遥感调查中的应用—以贵州黔南布依族自治州为例

以“3s”技术为技术背景,以中巴地球资源卫星CBERS-02为遥感数据源,对贵州省黔南布依族自治州喀斯特石漠化进行遥感解译,基于最佳指数波段选择法推算出喀斯特地区石漠化分类的最佳波段组合。实验表明,中巴资源卫星影像不但可以替代具有相似空间分辨率和光谱波段设计的国外遥感影像TM和SPOT,作为喀斯特石漠化监测的重要手段和主要的信息源,而且能够较好地满足大比例尺石漠化成图的需要,为制定喀斯特石漠化综合防治规划提供依据。     

Three-dimensional fluorescence spectral characteristics of dissolved organic carbon in cave drip waters and their responses to environment changes: Four cave systems as an example in Guizhou Province,China

Understanding the responses of fluorescence spectral characteristics of cave drip waters to modern environment and climate changes is key to the reconstructions of environmental and climatic changes using fluorescence spectral characteristics of speleothems. The fluorescence spectral characteristics of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） in four active cave systems were analyzed with a three-dimensional （3D） fluorescence spectral analysis method. We found that the fluorescence types of DOC were mainly of fulvic-like and protein-like fluorescences, both in soil waters and cave drip waters. The intensity of fulvic-like fluorescence was positively correlated with the concentrations of DOC, suggesting that the DOC of cave drip waters was derived from the overlying soil layer of a cave system. Compared with the other cave systems, the variation range of the excitation and emission wavelengths for fulvic-like fluorescence of cave drip waters in Liangfeng cave system that had forest vegetation was smaller and the excitation wavelength was longer, while its fluorescence intensity varied significantly. By contrast, the excitation and emission wavelengths and fluorescence intensity for that in Jiangjun cave system that had a scrub and tussock vegetation showed the most significant variation, while its excitation wavelength was shorter. This implies that the variation of vegetation overlying a cave appears to be a factor affecting the fluorescence spectral characteristics of cave drip waters.