Manufacturing,thermal stability,and flammability properties of polypropylene containing new single molecule intumescent flame retardant

Melamine salt of pentaerythritol phosphate kaolin (MPPK) was synthesized by the reaction of pentaerythritol phosphate with kaolin (K) and melamine. The structure of MPPK was confirmed by EDXS, ¹H NMR, FTIR, and XRD. MPPK was blended with polypropylene (PP) at different loading levels. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that MPPK improved the thermal stability of PP at high temperatures in all PP composites. Vertical burning rate test manifested that PP composites can achieve V0 at 20% and 25% MPPK loading levels. Cone calorimeter data exhibited that addition of 25% MPPK to PP reduced peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 86% and 76% and increased the char residue after test to 67%. The results of PP/25% MPPK composite were compared with the data obtained from PP containing 25% K and 25% of traditional intumescent flame retardant composed of melamine phosphate (MP), pentaerythritol (PE), and K. The outcomes indicated that MPPK was more efficient in flame retardancy than the other systems. The digital photographs and SEM images for char residue demonstrated that MPPK succeeded in forming cellular and coherent char layer on the PP surface. The main advantage of adding 25% MPPK to PP was its ability to preserve nearly the inner half of the sample without burning after cone calorimeter test.     

负载高岭土的ZnO的制备及其光催化性能研究

以Zn（NO3）2·6H2O、C2H2O4和高岭土为原料,采用直接沉淀法合成了负载高岭土的ZnO粉体,并对其进行了X射线粉末衍射（ XRD）表征。以亚甲基蓝为目标物,研究了催化剂的用量、高岭土的负载量、煅烧温度以及亚甲基蓝的初始浓度对其光催化性能的影响。结果表明,煅烧温度为300℃、高岭土负载量为30%的ZnO光催化活性最好,在催化剂加入量为0.5 g/L,800W氙灯光照60 min的条件下,可使初始浓度为10 mg/L的亚甲基蓝脱色率达98%以上。且重复使用5次后脱色率仍在80%以上,表明所制备的复合光催化剂具有较好的催化性能和稳定性。     

The zeta potential of kaolin suspensions measured by electrophoresis and electroacoustics

The zeta potentials of kaolin dilute and concentrated suspensions were monitored using the techniques of electrophoresis and electroacoustics, respectively. The effect of addition of salt (KCl), a polymer material (Triton X-100), and an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulphate, SDS) on the suspension properties was investigated by electrophoresis. Electroacoustics was employed for the measurement of zeta potentials for the highest possible kaolin content in suspension and the effect of dilution. The effect of aging of a freshly prepared sample and kaolin isoelectric point was also studied. Using both techniques it was noted that there was no isoelectric point, just a maximum value in the magnitude of the kaolin suspension zeta potential. These maxima were observed also in the presence of Triton X-100 and SDS. An increase of the concentration of KCl and SDS in suspension shifted the maxima towards more acidic values, while in the presence of Triton X-100 the position of the zeta potential maxima remained constant. Electroacoustic techniques revealed that a freshly prepared concentrated suspension requires about six hours to equilibrate to achieve a steady zeta potential. Diluting the concentrated suspensions led to decrease of the zeta potential as ions bound to the surface desorbed and screened the surface charge. The zeta potential maxima remained unchanged even after heating the powder in an oven at 200°C (to remove any organic material) thereby suggesting that the most likely explanation for the maxima is isomorphic substitution.     

Removal of Lead by Merlinoite Prepared from Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Kaolin: Synthesis,Isotherm, Kinetic,and Thermodynamic Studies

This study introduces a merlinoite synthesized from sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) and kaolin and evaluates its application as an adsorbent to remove lead from wastewater. The synthesis was performed via the hydrothermal method, and optimal conditions were determined. The adsorption of Pb by merlinoite was also optimized. Determination of the Pb²⁺ remaining in the aqueous solution was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Adsorption isotherms were mainly studied using the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The Langmuir model showed the highest consistency for Pb adsorption on merlinoite, yielding a high correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.9997 and a maximum adsorption capacity (q_max) of 322.58 mg/g. The kinetics of the adsorption process were best described by a pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic studies carried out at different temperatures established that the adsorption reaction was spontaneous and endothermic. The results of this study show that merlinoite synthesized from kaolinite and SBA is an excellent candidate for utilization as a high-performance adsorbent for lead removal from wastewater.     

氧化钙和氟化钾负载高岭土固体碱催化制备新型生物柴油

以高岭土为载体,利用浸渍法制备了氧化钙和氟化钾负载高岭土固体碱(GCK);利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FT-IR)和哈密特指示剂法等技术手段对催化剂进行表征;考察了KF负载量和反应条件对月桂酸甲酯(ML)与乙二醇单甲醚(EGME)酯交换反应制备新型生物柴油产率的影响。 结果表明,GCK碱强度(H_)在7.2~18.4之间,KCaF₃为主要活性组分,当氟化钾负载量为25%、EGME与ML摩尔比3.0、催化剂用量相对于ML的质量分数为4.5 %、120 ℃下反应2 h,新型生物柴油的收率高达97.1%。 最后对催化剂的重复利用性能进行了考察。     

淀粉-高岭土/聚丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺高吸水树脂的制备和性能

 高吸水性树脂是目前发展最快的功能高分子材料之一。美国、西欧和日本是主要的生产和消费地区。中国在这方面起步较晚,但也取得了一定的进展。与当前主流产品丙烯酸类相比,淀粉来源丰富、价格低廉、可生物降解,是目前研究的重点。以丙烯酸盐、丙烯酰胺、高岭土和淀粉等为原料,通过溶液聚合法制备了复合型耐盐高吸水性树脂,研究了合成淀粉-高岭土/聚丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺高吸水树脂的工艺条件,引发剂、交联剂、干燥方法、高岭土、丙烯酰胺用量对材料耐盐的影响,制备得到了在去离子水、0.9% NaCl中吸水倍率分别达到1415和95g/g的样品。红外光谱和扫描电镜分析吸水树脂的形态和结构,发现共聚物的组成对高吸水树脂的分解温度和表面形态结构特征都存在较大影响。     

预活化处理对高岭土表面改性效果的影响

采用预先活化的方法用硅烷偶联剂对高岭土进行表面改性,主要考察了活化剂用量、pH值、温度、时间等活化条件对硅烷偶联剂改性高岭土的影响.采用松容重和在液体石蜡中的沉降体积等指标作为活化改性效果的初始判据.结果表明预活化处理大大提高了硅烷偶联剂对高岭土的高岭土的改性效果.并将其对丁苯橡胶的补强效果与直接改性高岭土和白碳黑等填料的补强效果进行对比.结果发现其各项力学性能均超过或接近白碳黑的补强效果.这可能是因为活化改性增强了高岭土填料与聚合物基体的结合强度.     

沸石分子筛在高岭土微球上的生长

 通过不同的合成方法,在高岭土微球上生长了沸石分子筛P与沸\r\n石分子筛KSO1的混合物、单一沸石分子筛KSO1和小晶粒沸石分子筛Y,\r\n并用多种物理手段如X射线衍射、电子显微镜和固体核磁共振波谱等对\r\n合成样品进行了表征．     

永磁叶轮式除铁装置对煤系高岭土工业的影响

GCT-2型永磁叶轮式除铁装置的研制成功解决了高岭岩成分中含铁量过高的问题。促进了煤系高岭土工业的发展。文章简要介绍了该装置的结构、工作原理及其性能特点。     

Influence of acid leaching and calcination on iron removal of coal kaolin

Calcination and acid leaching of coal kaolin were studied to determine an effective and economical preparation method of calcined kaolin. Thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that 900℃ was the suitable temperature for the calcination. Leaching tests showed that hydrochloric acid was more effective for iron dissolution from raw coal kaolin (RCK), whereas oxalic acid was more effective on iron dissolution from calcined coal kaolin (CCK). The iron dissolution from CCK was 28.78wt%, which is far less effective than the 54.86wt% of RCK under their respective optimal conditions. Through analysis by using M?ssbauer spectroscopy, it is detected that nearly all of the structural ferrous ions in RCK were removed by hydrochloric acid. However, iron sites in CCK changed slightly by oxalic acid leaching because nearly all ferrous ions were transformed into ferric species after firing at 900℃. It can be concluded that it is difficult to remove the structural ferric ions and ferric oxides evolved from the structural ferrous ions. Thus, iron removal by acids should be conducted prior to calcination.