Characterization and catalytic behavior of silica-supported copper catalysts prepared by impregnation and ion-exchange methods

Two kinds of Cu/SiO₂ catalysts were prepared by impregnation (IM) and ion-exchange (IE) methods, and tested in dehydrogenation of 2-butanol to methyl-ethyl-ketone. Some kinds of Cu²⁺ on the IE catalyst could not be reduced during the reaction, and it produced the butene. The copper oxide over the IM catalyst could be reduced during the reaction, and showed stable dehydrogenation activity for 2-butanol.     

离子交换法合成钴酸锌纳米空心材料及磁性

采用所合成的四氧化三钴纳米立方颗粒作为前驱体,在相对低温的水热条件下,通过反应体系中自身存在的扩散作用和离子交换作用,可控制备了钴酸锌纳米空心材料。利用SEM、TEM、EDS和XRD等测试方法对样品进行了形貌、结构、组成和物相的表征。结果表明,所得钴酸锌纳米盒粒径均匀,分散度好;钴酸锌纳米盒颗粒大小约为20nm,整个纳米盒为单晶。研究了钴酸锌纳米盒的生长机理。对所制备的材料进行了磁学性质测试,结果显示,尖晶石型结构钴酸盐纳米材料的磁性大小可以通过改变实验条件而加以调变。     

Ion-exchange rate limitation on a polymer-supported phase transfer catalytic reaction

The ion-exchange rate limitation on the kinetics of the series substitution reactions between hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (NPCl₂)₃ and 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (HOCH₂CF₃) by polystyrene-bound tri-n-butylammonium ion in an organic solvent/alkaline solution was studied. It was found that the diffusional limitation involves both ion diffusion and organic reactant diffusion within the catalyst pellet. The displacement reaction rate of (NPCl₂)₃ in the organic phase was limited by the particle diffusion and the intrinsic reactivity together. The film diffusion in the bulk solution limited the rate of ion exchange. The mass transport of the ion-exchange step in the aqueous phase was not improved by increasing the concentration of NaOCH₂CF₃. Drastic kinetic rate improvement was achieved with proper adjustment of the volume of the aqueous solution which was a low concentration of salt in the aqueous phase.     

Synthesis and characterisation of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) Zr(IV) monothiophosphate composite cation exchanger: analytical application in the selective separation of lead metal ions

In this study, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) zirconium(IV) monothiophosphate composite cation exchanger was prepared by sol–gel precipitation method. The presence of sulphur in the cation exchanger enhances affinity towards the heavy metal ions which can improve the selectivity of the material. The selectivity studies showed that the material is selective towards Pb(II) ions. To characterise the material, several physicochemical properties were also studied which includes X-ray, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies. The ion-exchange behaviour of this cation exchanger was studied by using some of the selected properties like ion-exhange capacity for various metal ions, elution, effect of eluent concentration, thermal effect on ion-exchange capacity (IEC). The results of IEC and physicochemical properties revealed that the material is nanocomposite, crystalline, chemically, mechanically and thermally stable. The analytical ability of this cation exchanger was demonstrated in binary separation of Pb(II) ions from a mixture of other metal ions. The recovery is qualitative and the separations are reproducible.     

Synthesis of Hindered Phenolic Esters over Ion-Exchange Resins

The esterification of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid with 1-hexadecanol over a series of ion-exchange resins was investigated, in which resin D072 exhibited excellent catalytic performance. The influence of water on the reaction was also investigated, and it was found that water could improve the selectivity and increase the yield of the target product. Treatment of resins with aqueous sodium hydroxide could improve the selectivity of the target product but remarkably decreased the conversion of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid. This result indicated that strong Brønsted acid sites played an important role in the reaction. Furthermore, D072 was efficiently recycled four runs by simple treatment with mineral acid. Finally, a series of hindered phenolic esters were successfully synthesized under the optimal reaction conditions. Therefore, a simple and versatile method for the synthesis of hindered phenolic esters has been established over ion-exchange resins and the target products were obtained in good yields.     

流动注射在线富集-FAAS测定合金钢中微量镍

提出了流动注射在线离子交换富集-火焰原子吸收光谱法测定合金钢中微量镍的分析方法.在线离子交换采用双柱正向富集和反向洗脱流路方式,使用80目732强酸型阳离子交换树脂在酸度为0.10mol/L HCl中富集样品中的Ni2+,并用2.0mol/L HCl洗脱.设计了流动注射在线离子交换富集双柱流路的操作程序,优化了各项仪器...     

Modelling oligomer formation in chromatographic separations

Oligomer forms of proteins are formed by self and cross association or complex formation with ligands. Modelling studies using an ion-exchange adsorbent have demonstrated that the formation of an oligomer form of a target protein can improve a chromatographic separation because the oligomer form displaces the impurities. The results of the investigation show that the process is very robust, that the purity, the yield, and the productivity increase with increasing load and increasing salt concentration in the eluant. An impurity level less than 1 ppm is easy to achieve having a yield of 98%. A universal model for the adsorption equilibria of mono and oligomer forms of proteins on ion-exchange, hydrophobic, and bimodal adsorbents has been developed.     

Critical ray-like propagation modes along graded-index planar optical waveguides

Graded-index planar optical waveguides and surface compression layers were formed simultaneously in the surface layer of glass plates by ion exchange. A change in the refractometer patterns was observed. Before ion exchange, only a critical ray fringe was observed, but with ion exchange a guided wave fringe appeared on the high effective refractive index side of the ‘critical ray’ fringe, and the number of guided wave fringes increased. The guided wave fringe or fringes were birefringent, whereas the ‘critical ray’ fringe was kept nonbirefringent. It was concluded that the ‘critical ray’ propagated along the bottom of a waveguide, ie at the foot of the refractive index distribution.     

Fabrication of Spot Size Converters for Optical Chemical Sensors by Distributed-Field-Assisted Ion-Exchange

We propose a new method for fabricating optical waveguides with nonuniform thickness by controlling the electrical field distribution during the field-assisted ion-exchange. We refer to this method as distributed-fild-assisted ion-exchange. The distribution of the intensity of the electrical field was simulated for different electrode configurations, and was compared with experimental diffusion depth distribution of K⁺—Na⁺ exchange in sodalime slide glass. A unique bath was designed for the distributed-field-assisted ion-exchange. Using a three-electrode configuration, we obtained, for instance, a 2 cm-long spot size converter with thickness changes of from 12 μm to 2 μm. This technique can be used to fabricate waveguides for optical chemical sensors.On leave from State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China 100080.