附加压力与分散系统的稳定性

较详细地讨论了附加压力与分散系统稳定性间的关系,指出分散相附加压力的降低是分散系统趋向稳定的根本原因。以乳状液为例,附加压力降低不仅减少了液滴间相互碰撞的概率,而且更重要的是,它与液滴表面形成牢固的保护膜密切相关。只有当液滴的附加压力趋近0时,分散系统才达到热力学上稳定的状态,此时乳状液已变成了微乳状液。上述讨论也基本适用于固/液分散系统。     

钢纤维对超高性能混凝土徐变损伤与失效行为的影响

为探明钢纤维对超高性能混凝土（UHPC）在高持久应力作用下的损伤与失效的影响，采用28天龄期的UHPC与普通混凝土试件开展了徐变损伤与失效试验。测试了各个试件加载全过程的轴向与环向应力应变，分析了其破坏模式、残余应变、徐变应变与名义泊松比。结合超声波无损检测与扫描电子显微镜手段，分析了UHPC内部微裂缝扩展与钢纤维与水泥基体的黏结损伤。结果表明：高持久应力的作用会导致UHPC与普通混凝土试件内部微裂缝扩展，引发构件横向膨胀，并最终导致构件破坏。UHPC中钢纤维的桥接约束效应可以很好地控制内部微裂缝扩展，从而限制了构件的横向膨胀。在持荷加载前，UHPC与普通混凝土具有类似的泊松比（0.18～0.19）；在持荷破坏时，UHPC的最大泊松比为0.28，而普通混凝土的最大泊松比达到0.6。当持久应力水平超过0.70 fc时，徐变损伤开始出现，具体表现为循环加载的强度与弹性模量下降。随着持久应力水平的提升，钢纤维与水泥基体的黏结出现损伤，钢纤维无法约束试件内部微裂缝的扩展，从而进一步加剧了试件损伤，甚至导致了试件的破坏。     

孤立子内波存在下的声传播仿真研究

孤立子内波会对声传播产生巨大的影响,基于有限元方法利用COMSOL软件对孤立子内波影响下的声学问题进行求解,仿真研究.首先建立了孤立子内波模型,通过仿真分析了孤立子内波对声场的影响.结果显示,孤立子内波会影响声线的传播轨迹和传播损失,可使声场能量分布更均匀.孤立子内波还会对声矢量场产生影响,使水平质点振速传播损失减小,使垂向质点振速略微增加.     

密度均匀连续分层流体的内波格林函数

考虑自由表面的影响,从理论上建立了在密度均匀的连续分层流体中脉动点源生成内波的数理模型,应用Fourier变换和围道积分,推导出点源脉动频率的平方小于Brunt-Visl频率的平方条件下含自由面的连续分层流体中脉动点源的内波格林函数,并给出了详细的解析表达式,讨论了解的性质、内波的生成机理和自由面的干扰机理及波动特征.结果表明,所提出的连续分层流体中脉动点源的内波生成格林函数具有较好的准确性.     

拉格朗日中值定理的证明及应用

中值定理是微分学的基本定理,是应用导数研究函数在区间上整体性态的有力工具,其中拉格朗日中值定理是核心内容.给出拉格朗日中值定理的三种证明方法及其在级数散敛性方面的应用.     

Estimation of the total population moving into and out of the 20 km evacuation zone during the Fukushima NPP accident as calculated using “Auto-GPS” mobile phone data

The first objective data showing the geographical locations of people in Fukushima after the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident, obtained by an analysis of GPS (Global Positioning System)-enabled mobile phone logs, are presented. The method of estimation is explained, and the flow of people into and out of the 20 km evacuation zone during the accident is visualized.     

The thermophysical properties of low‐temperature Pb plasma

The thermophysical properties of low‐temperature Pb plasma are calculated at temperatures 10–100 kK and densities below 0.2 of the solid‐state value. The thermodynamic values (pressure and internal energy) and transport coefficients (electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and thermal power) are considered. The plasma composition and thermodynamic parameters are obtained within the chemical approach, namely by means of the solution of the corresponding system of the coupled mass action law equations. Atom ionization up to +4 is taken into consideration. The electronic transport coefficients are calculated within the relaxation time approximation. The results obtained by means of the present model are compared with the available data of other models and experiments.     

Phase transition layers with boundary intersection for an inhomogeneous Allen–Cahn equation

We consider the nonlinear problem of inhomogeneous Allen–Cahn equation

${?}^2\mathrm{\Delta }u+V(y)u(1?u^2)=0\text{in}\mathrm{\Omega },\frac{?u}{?\nu }=0\text{on}?\mathrm{\Omega },$

where Ω is a bounded domain in ${\mathbb{R}}^2$ with smooth boundary, ? is a small positive parameter, ν denotes the unit outward normal of ?Ω, V is a positive smooth function on $\overline{\mathrm{\Omega }}$. Let Γ be a curve intersecting orthogonally with ?Ω at exactly two points and dividing Ω into two parts. Moreover, Γ satisfies stationary and non-degenerate conditions with respect to the functional ${\int }_{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{V}^{1/2}$. We can prove that there exists a solution $u_{?}$ such that: as $?\to 0$, $u_{?}$ approaches +1 in one part of Ω, while tends to ?1 in the other part, except a small neighborhood of Γ.