Modular design of icosahedral metal clusters

The concept of crystalline module, that is, an unambiguously isolated, repeated quasi-molecular element, is introduced. This concept is more general than the concept of crystal lattice. The generalized modular approach allows extension of the methods and principles of crystallography to quasi-crystals, clusters, amorphous solids, and periodic biological structures. Principles of construction of aperiodic, nonequilibrium regular modular structures are formulated. Limitations on the size of icosahedral clusters are due to the presence of spherical shells with non-Euclidean tetrahedral tiling in their structure. A parametric relationship between the structures of icosahedral fullerenes and metal clusters of the Chini series was found.     

Inverse relaxation-model and relation to recovery internal friction

Inverse relaxation is studied for hard elastic polypropylene (HEPP), rubber and non-elastic polypropylene. The results show that contractive stress, stress, and internal friction are three essential factors related to the phenomenon. A three-element model in which each element has a definite meaning is proposed to describe this phenomenon. The results also show that, in the first cyclic deformation, relaxation time increases with the increase of recovery for all the materials, which indicates that recovery viscosity increases with the increase of recovery, but the stress rising amplitude (SRA) of inverse relaxation has a maximum in the recovery range. Analysis indicates that SRA equals recovery internal friction (RIF) for ideal material in which stress is solely a function of strain, independent of paths, and approximately equals RIF for non-ideal material at a given strain. From this principle it is found that the order of the work counteracted by RIF for the four materials is the same as that of their second hysteresis loop, and the RIF of HEPP has a sudden increase at the later recovery range.     

A highly stereoselective synthesis of the C10–C31 (BCDEF ring) portion of pinnatoxin A

An efficient, highly stereoselective synthesis of the C10–C31 (BCDEF ring) portion of pinnatoxin A has been achieved utilizing tandem double hemiketal formation/intramolecular hetero-Michael addition to construct the 6,5,6-dispiroketal (BCD ring) system and subsequent intramolecular ketalization to form the 5,6-bicycloketal (EF ring) system as key steps.     

企业内部控制制度建立与完善的探讨

内部控制作为一项系统工程,已经在发达国家形成了一整套完善的有机结合的理论体系和严谨的操作方法。在我国,作为单位内部管理的重要内容也越来越受到社会各界的重视。阐述了内部控制制度的涵义与构成要素,探讨了制定我国企业内部控制制度的目标定位及内容,提出了完善我国企业内部控制制度的对策与构想。     

广告刍议

广告可以创造一种平衡效益。它不仅仅创造你口袋里的平衡，而且创造精神上的平衡。最好的广告是那些树立品牌的广告．它们好就好在能够在消费者心中制造某种平衡，使其超值地购买这种商品，从而为继续开发积累资金，为生产者创造利润等等。     

Millimeter-Wave Spectroscopy of Methylfuran Isomers: Local vs. Global Treatments of the Internal Rotation

Methylfurans are methylated aromatic heterocyclic volatile organic compounds and primary or secondary pollutants in the atmosphere due to their capability to form secondary organic aerosols in presence of atmospheric oxidants. There is therefore a significant interest to monitor these molecules in the gas phase. High resolution spectroscopic studies of methylated furan compounds are generally limited to pure rotational spectroscopy in the vibrational ground state. This lack of results might be explained by the difficulties arisen from the internal rotation of the methyl group inducing non-trivial patterns in the rotational spectra. In this study, we discuss the benefits to assign the mm-wave rotational-torsional spectra of methylfuran with the global approach of the BELGI-Cs code compared to local approaches such as XIAM and ERHAM. The global approach reproduces the observed rotational lines of 2-methylfuran and 3-methylfuran in the mm-wave region at the experimental accuracy for the ground vt=0 and the first torsional vt=1 states with a unique set of molecular parameters. In addition, the V3 and V6 parameters describing the internal rotation potential barrier may be determined with a high degree of accuracy with the global approach. Finally, a discussion with other heterocyclic compounds enables the study of the influence of the electronic environment on the hindered rotation of the methyl group.     

A comparison of quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance methods: internal,external, and electronic referencing

The performance of three quantitative NMR methods was compared in terms of short‐term and long‐term precision and accuracy, robustness, linear range, and general applicability. The Internal Reference method employs a reference material co‐dissolved with sample; the External Reference method employs a reference material contained in a separate solution; and the third method, known as Electronic REference To access In vivo Concentrations (ERETIC), employs an externally calibrated digital reference peak. The Internal Reference method results were the most precise and remained stable within 0.1% for at least 4 weeks. The results from the External Reference and ERETIC methods were practically equivalent to each other during this time. These methods exhibited small differences relative to the standard set by the Internal Reference method and slightly lower precision, establishing them as practical alternatives to the Internal Reference method. In contrast to the Internal Reference method, the External Reference and ERETIC methods possess several advantages that address peak overlap, flexibility of calibration, and duration of applicability. The study was designed such that each spectrum contained the information needed to compare the three methods while all other variables were kept constant. Applicability of pulse width compensation is addressed. ERETIC software compensation and minor adjustments to 90° pulse width were concluded to be unnecessary for this system. Although each of the methods was applied here to specifically calculate and compare chemical purity values, this evaluation applies generally to absolute quantitation by NMR. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Frequency‐dependent NMR relaxation of liquids confined inside porous media containing an increased amount of magnetic impurities

Frequency‐dependent NMR relaxation studies have been carried out on water (polar) and cyclohexane (nonpolar) molecules confined inside porous ceramics containing variable amounts of iron oxide (III). The porous ceramics were prepared by compression of powders mixed with iron oxide followed by thermal treatment. The pore size distribution was estimated using a technique based on diffusion in internal fields that exposed a narrow distribution of macropore sizes with an average pore dimension independent of iron oxide content. The relaxation dispersion curves were obtained at room temperature using a fast field cycling NMR instrument. They display an increase of the relaxation rate proportional to the iron oxide concentration. This behavior is more prominent at low Larmor frequencies and is independent of the polar character of the confined molecules. The results reported here can be fitted well with a relaxation model considering exchange between molecules in the close vicinity of the paramagnetic centers located in the surface and bulk‐like molecules inside the pores. This model allows the extraction of the transverse diffusional correlation time that can be related to the polar character of the confined molecules. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

外用碳酸氢钠在高水平足球运动员高强度间歇训练期的试验

碳酸氢钠对提高运动员竞技表现水平和缓解运动疲劳有较好效果,但运动员口服碳酸氢钠会有碱中毒、肠胃反应、心律失常等副作用,从而无法在竞技体育中广泛应用。目的：研究碳酸氢钠经皮肤外涂给药对男子足球运动员的高强度间歇训练期间血清指标和延迟性肌肉酸痛的影响。方 法：选取16名高水平男子足球运动员为研究对象,每天为其分别涂抹碳酸氢钠外用乳剂和安慰剂乳剂后,分别在7天高强度间歇训练后对训练后的主观疲劳程度和下肢延迟性肌肉酸痛程度进行统计,对训练前后血乳酸、肌酸激酶、尿素氮、血红蛋白等血液生化指标、训练期的训练刺激量、最大心率、能量消耗、有氧和无氧训练效果指标,跑动距离、跑动速度、加速度、高速跑距离、总负荷等运动表现指标进行分析。结 果：在一次高强度间歇训练前后,实验组相比对照组,血乳酸升高数值显著降低（p< 0.05）,肌酸激酶升高数值增高,血尿素氮升高幅度降低;在7天训练期,相比于对照组,实验组的下肢DOMS和RPE总体水平显著降低（p< 0.05）,下肢DOMS数值在第2天和第6天显著下降（p< 0.05）;在反映训练强度和训练效果的TRIMP数值上,实验组的总体水平高于对照组,且变化幅度更小。实验组运动员训练的无氧训练效果、EPOC峰值、最大心率、能量消耗相比于对照组均有所提升,其中最大心率、无氧训练效果有显著性提升（p< 0.05）。结 论：碳酸氢钠的外涂给药可以显著降低足球运动员高强度间歇训练带来的肌肉延迟性酸痛,并显著降低高强度训练产生的血液血乳酸浓度升高,有利于高强度训练后的无氧训练效果提升,使得运动员心率储备能力和快速恢复能力的增强,从而促进专项运动能力的提升。     

Optical inspection by internal reflection and spatial filtering

Some optical techniques for surface inspection applications are described. Paper texture is analyzed by a frustrated-total-internal-reflection method followed by spatial filtering of the diffracted pattern. Fibre-optics and micro-lenses are used to obtain a rugged and flexible sensor. Similar sensors are used for defect monitoring of roughly-polished surfaces. The practical aspects of sensor manufacture, speckle and vignetting considerations are discussed.