白鹤电厂泵房进水间导流板倾角优化数值模拟

基于Navier-Stokes方程和标准k-ε湍流模型,采用非结构化网格和SIMPLEC算法对白鹤发电厂二期工程取水泵房进水间流道进行优化计算,并对进水间前导流板角度变化时流态变化进行比较计算,确定较优的导流角,增强泥浆泵的排沙效果.计算结果表明当前导流板角度为30o和后导流板角度为35o时有较好的流态,此时流道底板附近流速较大,并且整个流道内有较强烈的湍动流产生,大部分泥沙可以达到冲淤平衡.对多泥沙河流泵房取水间的设计、运行及维护有一定的参考价值.     

进气富氧对直喷柴油机微粒排放粒径分布的影响

在一台增压中冷四冲程柴油机上进行进气富氧燃烧台架实验,用氧气流量阀和氧传感器控制进气氧浓度,用DMS500粒径分析仪检测排气粒径分布特性,研究进气富氧燃烧对柴油机排气微粒特性的影响.在稳态工况下,研究了进气氧体积分数分别为21%、22%、23%和24%时柴油机微粒排放质量浓度粒径分布、数量浓度粒径分布、几何平均直径、表面积浓度和体积浓度分布.实验结果表明:在固定工况下,随着进气氧浓度增加,积聚态微粒数量和质量浓度峰值明显降低,核态微粒数量浓度逐渐增加;微粒几何平均直径减小,小粒径微粒数量增多;微粒表面积浓度和体积浓度也随之降低.     

稀土元素日允许摄入量与农用安全性探讨

稀土农用是我国独立开创的稀土应用领域,30年来,取得了巨大的经济效益。然而,作为元素周期表中第ⅢB主族的重金属,稀土元素不是动植物的必需微量元素,其生理效应的机制还不清楚,稀土农用的安全性问题一直受到密切的关注。本文从稀土元素分析方法与人均总膳食摄入量、稀土元素毒理实验方法与日允许摄入量、稀土农用对土壤中稀土元素含量和化学形态的影响、以及稀土农用对食物中稀土元素含量影响的4个方面,对文献报道作了分析、整理和评定,结论是只要对使用的范围、剂量及施用方式进行限制,稀土农用是一种安全的农业增产方式。     

基于ESO的高空台发动机进气压力控制研究进展

 高空台航空发动机进气压力控制是保障发动机高空模拟试验有效性及可靠性的关键，而基于扩张状态观测器（extended etate observer，ESO）的进气压力控制方法研究，目的是改进控制品质，抑制未知干扰的影响，实现进气压力的快速稳定控制。通过梳理高空台发动机进气压力控制技术的发展现状，阐述了基于ESO的控制方法研究进展及相关问题，并就目前ESO的参数整定及改进设计进行分类总结，提出了基于扩张状态观测器的高空台发动机进气压力控制的未来发展策略和研究方向。     

Novel approaches for selenium speciation in foodstuffs and biological specimens: A review

Selenium is an essential element for human health. It has been recognized as an antioxidant and chemopreventive agent in cancer. Selenium is known to develop its biological activity via selenocysteine residue in the catalytically active centre of selenoproteins. The main source of selenium in human beings is the diet. However, in several regions of the world the content of selenium in diet has been estimated insufficient for a correct expression of the proteins. The beneficial effects of selenium on human health are strongly dependent on its chemical form and concentration. This review critically evaluated the state-of-the art of selenium speciation in biological matrices mainly focused in nutritional and food products. Besides the number of publications related to selenium speciation, isolation and accurate characterization and quantification of selenium species is still a challenge. Hyphenated techniques based on coupling chromatography separation with inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS) and its combination with molecular mass spectrometry (ESI-MS, ESI-MS-MS and MALDI-TOF) and isotopic dilution allow identification, quantification and structural characterization of selenium species. Particular attention is paid in the development of Se-enriched food and nutritional products and how the application of the techniques mentioned above is mandatory to get reliable results on selenium metabolisms in these particular matrices.     

排气管结构对多缸增压柴油机进气不均匀性的影响

作者在某V型8缸柴油机性能试验和多个气缸压力测量的基础上,对该柴油机的一维性能仿真计算模型进行了标定和校核,并应用验证后的模型计算和分析了该柴油机采用脉冲增压排气管、等压增压排气管、MPC排气管时各缸进气流量的不均匀性及其差异.结果表明:采用不同的排气管结构时各缸进气不均匀度的差异很大,采用等压、MPC排气管时的进气不均匀度比较接近,而采用脉冲排气管时的进气不均匀度比前两者小得多.     

丁坝群间取水建筑物局部流场及其冲淤变形的试验研究

本文结合黄河宁夏某河段丁坝群间设置取水建筑物的工程实际,采用正态动床模型,研究了丁坝群掩蔽条件下取水建筑物附近的流场特性及其局部冲淤变形规律.研究表明,丁坝群间设置取水建筑物,其局部流态及冲淤变形主要受到丁坝间回流及坝后扩散主流的控导.现状条件下,取水建筑物前流态不受回流的影响,回淤泥沙不危及取水安全,而扩散主流顶冲取水建筑物,形成较大局部冲刷;设置上挑式淹没构筑物,可极大减轻局部冲刷,比较了几种上挑式减冲设施,得到了较优化的体型及上挑角;合理下延上丁坝可有效发挥丁坝对水流的控导作用,既可形成有利的取水态势,又可减小顶冲作用,有效缓解局部冲刷.研究成果可为类似的工程实际提供参考.     

我国居民膳食中铅摄入量调查与分析

采用统计学原理,对2005～2007年全国31个省市26大类食品中铅含量的抽样检测数据,进行了分析与评估.通过对数据的纵向和横向比较,得出:我国居民的铅摄入状况不容乐观,特定人群存在较大风险,我国城市居民的铅摄入风险要远高于农村居民.膳食中含铅量较高的是主食.     

Assessing Human Exposure to Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment

There is an ongoing probing of the role of chemicals in the indoor environment. The majority of potential target substances are so‐called very volatile, volatile, and semi‐volatile organic compounds (VVOCs, VOCs, and SVOCs). Depending on their physical properties and the mass transfer conditions, they are distributed in or between the gas phase, particle phase, settled house dust, surface films, clothing, and other fabrics as well as the exposed skin and hair of the occupants themselves. Therefore, inhalation, ingestion, and dermal uptake all must be considered as relevant pathways for exposure assessment in human habitats. Exposure to VVOCs, VOCs, and SVOCs can be estimated by measuring their concentrations in relevant indoor compartments or by determining the amounts of the target compounds and/or their metabolites in urine and blood. Assessing the various routes of exposure often requires a combination of sophisticated and interdisciplinary theoretical background and experimental techniques. Consequently, close communication and collaboration between chemical and exposure scientists are needed to achieve a better understanding of human exposure to chemical substances in various indoor environments. Embedded in the toxicological context, this is the basis for assessing the corresponding health risks and for determining control strategies or approaches to limit such risks.     

温度对多疣壁虎摄食量和同化效率的影响

环境温度对多疣壁虎(Gekko japonicus)平均日摄食量有显著的影响。当温度低于13℃时,动物不再进食,无粪尿排出。在实验温度范围内,平均日摄食量和温度成正相关,繁殖期和秋冬季动物平均日摄食量(Y(J/g.day))和温度(T(℃))之间关系的线性回归方程分别为Y=-1179.79+59.38T和Y=-396.94+31.10T。除30℃温度外,同一温度平均日摄食量的季节性差异不显著。繁殖期和秋冬季,多疣壁虎均在23℃温度的同化效率最高,与30℃温度之间有显著的差异,23℃温度与其他温度,以及其他温度之间同化效率的差异不显著。秋冬季多疣壁虎各温度中的同化效率显著地高于繁殖期相应温度中的同化效率。不同季节粪尿能值无显著差异。