不同摄入量小米对小鼠肠道菌群和短链脂肪酸的影响

摄入一定量杂粮可降低一些慢性代谢疾病的发病率,但目前杂粮摄入量没有统一的标准,尚不清楚杂粮摄入过多是否会对健康产生不良影响。以小米添加量为20%、40%、60%、80%的饲料喂养3周龄C57BL/6J小鼠,持续12周,采用自动血生化分析仪、16S rRNA高通量基因测序、气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了不同摄入量小米对小鼠血脂水平、肠道菌群和粪便短链脂肪酸的影响。结果发现,80%摄入量的小米显著增加了小鼠血清的总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的水平,同时增加了肠道丙酸、丁酸、异丁酸和戊酸的含量。肠道菌群分析结果表明,所有小米干预组的拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、Muribaculaceae的丰度上升,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteriota)、乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)、双歧杆菌属 (Bifidobacterium)的丰度下降。摄入不同添加量小米的小鼠肠道菌群组成具有较大差异,其中20%小米摄入量组的小鼠菌群中显著富集了另枝菌属(Alistipes)、副拟杆菌属(Parabacteroides)、肠杆菌属(Enterorhabdus),而80%摄入量小米显著降低了小鼠菌群中的粪杆菌属(Faecalibaculum)、布劳特氏菌属(Blautia)和罗氏菌属(Roseburia)的丰度。研究结果表明,20%摄入量的小米就能有效调节小鼠肠道菌群,而过高摄入量(80%)的小米使小鼠血脂水平升高,降低了肠道菌群的多样性和均匀度以及有益菌的丰度,所以要理性看待杂粮的营养价值,避免过量摄入。     

日喂饲料量对绵羊尿中嘌呤代谢物和瘤胃微生物蛋白质产量的影响

根据４×４拉丁方设计，４只体重相似（４５ｋｇ）的阉公绵羊（Ｂｌａｃｋｆａｃｅ×Ｓｕｆｆｏｌｋ）在不同试验期分别饲喂４００，８００，１２００和１６００ｇ／ｄ配合饲料（ＧＤ），相应采食量为７．２２，１４．４４，２１．１８和２８．８７ｇＤＭ／ｋｇＢＷ。尿中嘌呤代谢物排泄量（ＰＤ）和瘤胃微生物蛋白质产量（ＭＰＹ）分别为３．５６，７．０５，１１．２８，１７，５９ｍｍｏｌ／ｄ和１２．０，２０．７，２２．８，２８．３ｇＭＮ／ｋｇＤＯＭＲ．日喂饲料量增加对消化率影响不大，却明显提高了蛋白质的生物学价值（ＡＢＶ）和净利用率（ＮＰＵ）．     

增压状态下汽油机进气道性能评价及流通特性分析

针对某增压汽油机开发过程中进气道性能评价问题,建立了三维稳态及瞬态仿真模型,研究了增压状态下进气道无量纲流量系数、总体流量、缸内流动及喉口流速的变化规律．结果表明：随着进气压差的增大,气道无量纲流量系数明显降低,最大降幅达11％,但总体流量仍呈增长趋势;增压以后,气流速度大幅提升,大气门升程下,气门阀座处产生分离涡旋运动,加剧缸内扰动,有利于加快燃烧速度,降低爆震倾向;同时,气道流通截面流速增大,最高进气马赫数为0．46,处于安全范围．综合各项数据,判定该气道性能满足增压机型需求．     

陈行水库在长江河口咸潮入侵期间的取水调度和库内氯度分布

在长江河口咸潮入侵严重期间,为保证供水,陈行水库有时会带盐取水.2009年11月27日至2010年3月12日在陈行水库进行了氯度观测.结合径流量、潮汐、风应力、上游氯度和取水口氯度,分析了长江河口咸潮入侵以及陈行水库3次带盐取水的运行方式和库内氯度的时空变化.数值模拟的结果表明,在东风作用下,水库东岸有上升流的存在.在咸潮到来前期,陈行水库增大取水量,使水库保持在高水位.在咸潮到来的初期,进行带盐取水,保证水库在较高的水位.在咸潮中后期,根据咸潮入侵的强弱向宝钢水库抽调适量淡水,同时当库内供水口氯度接近250 mg/L时必须停止从长江带盐取水.库内氯度资料表明水库带盐取水造成库内氯度升高,氯度的变化与风况有关,在空间存在差异性.陈行水库的调度与库内外的氯度密切相关,同时需要考虑库内的水位、上游氯度变化以及水库表面风场的变化情况.本研究可为河口水库的优化运行提供科学依据,同时为水库的调度管理提供经验.     

可变进气涡流系统气道入口流速的PIV测量

为了研究双进气道柴油机缸内涡流的调节原理及性能,在稳流气道试验台上测试了一种带涡流调节阀的新型气道组合的流通能力与调节涡流的性能.用PIV系统对各个工况下气道入口的流场进行测量,通过PIV系统输出的二维流场信息估算气道进气质量流量的变化及分配情况,同时利用AVL-FIRE对整个实验系统进行了CFD分析.结果表明,柴油机双进气道通过涡流控制阀调节直气道的进气质量流量及流速,引起总的质量流量的变化,进而改变了缸内涡流的大小.     

Application of multivariate analysis of TOF-SIMS spectra for studying the effect of high glucose intake on aortic lipid profile

Aim

To study the effect of long-term glucose feeding on aortic lipid composition by using the time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS).

Method

Rats were divided into two groups, drinking water with or without 10% glucose from birth to 6 months of age. The aortic wall was dissected out, high-pressure frozen, freeze-fractured, freeze-dried and analyzed by TOF-SIMS using a Bismuth cluster ion source. Surface spectra were taken from standardized regions of the vessel wall.

Results

Different peaks, such as cholesterol, fatty acids (FAs) and diacylglycerols (DAGs), were identified by the principal component analysis as carries of variance between two groups. These peaks were then compared by conventional t-test. Our data showed that the intensity of cholesterol, but not FAs and DAGs, was significantly decreased in the glucose-drinking rat. Moreover, the long-term glucose intake changed ratios between different FAs in the aorta.

Conclusion

The long-term glucose intake led to decreased cholesterol intensity in the aortic wall and this effect was revealed through a global analytical approach with objective selection of significant variables.     

嘉陵江取水口项目通航影响数值模拟研究

随着国民经济发展与基础设施的不断完善,在通航河道修建的取水项目工程日益增多,这些在通航河段的工程项目均会不可避免地对航道、通航条件产生一定影响。为了科学合理地制定项目实施方案,以嘉陵江某取水口项目为例,通过建立二维数模与分析实测资料,统计分析拟建工程前后附近水域流速、水位等方面的变化,论证拟建项目对于嘉陵江航道通航的影响。结果表明,拟建工程对工程河段过水面积影响较小,且埋于河床下,其结构阻水作用有限,河道流态、主流带位置改变较小;另外,考虑到该河段的河道组成及川江河床演变特点,可以预测该工程建成后,对工程河段附近泥沙冲淤变形、河床形态等无甚影响,亦不会对工程河段的河床演变规律及河势造成影响。     

Presence of pesticides in breast milk and infants’ formulae in Himachal Pradesh,India

This study documents the levels of pesticide residues in milk samples of mothers from Himachal Pradesh, India, and time trend comparison of pesticide load based on various studies conducted around the world. The regional difference in xenobiotic levels of breast milk varied with demographic characteristics of mothers and altitudinal variations. The single or multiple pesticides contamination of p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT and chlorpyrifos was revealed in 27.45% mothers’ milk samples. Among these p,p′-DDE was the major contaminant found in 26.79% samples followed by p,p′-DDT (1.31%) and chlorpyrifos (0.65%). However, residues of other 26 pesticides comprising organochlorines, organophosphorus and synthetic pyrethroids included in this study were below detectable limit (BDL). The determination of a low DDT/DDE ratio (0.050) indicated past exposure of mothers to DDT from the environment. The pesticide residues level in samples drawn from 14 branded infant formulae was BDL. The calculated infants’ daily intake (DI) of DDT was 0.0015 mg kg^?1 body weight per day compared with a decade-old study (0.021 mg kg^?1 body weight per day) suggesting a sharp decline in the residue levels of these pesticides in the Himalayan region. The trend comparison with past studies conducted around the world indicate a decline in the levels of organochlorine pesticide residues in mothers’ milk and further drop of DI in infants. However, such comparisons confer very limited utilisation of data generated on pesticide load in mothers’ milk and simultaneous infants’ DI due to lack of proper research protocol.     

Application of SSNTD for maintenance of radiation and nuclear safety of the Sarcophagus

Object “Shelter” (known world-wide as the Sarcophagus) is a source of very high radiological and nuclear hazard. Transfer of the Sarcophagus into an ecologically safe site is a task not only for Ukraine but also for the world community. A composite approach to maintenance of radiation and nuclear safety of the Sarcophagus applying spectrometric methods using solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD) is suggested in this paper. The aspects are: (1) monitoring of transuranium element inhalation intake to a human body of nuclear workers; (2) neutron flux evaluation in some premises of the Sarcophagus; (3) fuel hot particle detection in air of working zones; (4) radon and thoron simultaneous measurements.     

氟作业工人骨骼X线改变的分析

对９６６名氟作业工人选定的骨骼常规摄Ｘ光片,按其不同日摄氟量分组观片、记录。结果显示：①骨骼Ｘ线改变阳性率与日摄氟量呈正相关（ｒ＝０．８７９,Ｐ〈０．０１）;②不同部位的骨骼Ｘ线改变阳性率有差异;③骨骼Ｘ线改变的主要表现是骨密度增高、骨间膜增宽或钙化、关节、骨周、髓腔有改变、骨质增生、闭孔膜及韧带钙化等。