内河航道网络优化研究

针对内河水运发展结构不合理的问题,考虑货主和航运企业与航道网络规划者之间的博弈关系,构建了一个航道网络优化的双层规划模型,上层模型以航道网络优化方案的建设成本和运行成本之和最小为目标函数,下层模型采用用户均衡的航道网络配流模型,并运用遗传算法对模型求解。以山东省为例进行实证分析,选择3个评价指标对优化方案结果与原规划结果进行对比评价,结果表明,该航道网络优化的双层规划模型所得山东省航道网络优化方案比原方案更优越,提升了区域航道网络的运行效率,验证了模型的有效性。     

中国河流健康评价体系

对河流健康的各种概念做了概述,综述了当前学者提出并应用于实际的主要指标,对这些指标体系做了论述.比较了长江和辽河健康评价的指标体系,也对不同学者对黄河作出的健康评价指标体系做了比较,力图对当前的指标体系作出总结.认为制定河流健康评价指标体系应当从实际情况出发,符合自然规律,有利于河流可持续利用和发展.     

郦道元“访渎搜渠”补充实例

本文继续以实例证明郦氏“访渎搜渠”的实践活动,实例皆为非直书第一人称的。     

新疆巴里坤湖晚第四纪沉积地球化学特征与古气候

根据新疆巴里坤湖晚第四纪沉积的有机质、化学元素分布与古气候关系的讨论,得到如下结论:1.有机质和化学元素分布与生物地层旋回有很好的相关性,表明中纬度内陆干旱区存在着冷湿—暖干的气候格局,这一格局从晚更新世以来即制约着本区地球化学环境的发展。2.在干旱区封闭湖盆,有机质组成和化学元素组合变化主要受有效降水多寡(或湿度)的控制和影响,C/N、Sr/Ba和CaO/MgO比值均反映本区古气候变化具有周期性。3.多数化学元素和CaCO_3含量分布表明本区古气候自更新世以来向着干旱化波动发展。     

福建省内陆地区外贸发展问题的思考——以龙岩市为例

作为外贸大省,福建省区域外贸发展存在不平衡现象,福厦泉等沿海城市由于区位优势明显,外贸实力远远强于内陆城市。而以龙岩市为代表的内陆城市,外贸起步晚,规模小,但存在较大的发展潜力。通过分析龙岩市外贸现状以及发展过程中面临的挑战和问题．提出推动加工贸易发展、优化出口商品结构、完善外贸发展的配套条件等对策建议。     

"共抓长江大保护"若干重大关键问题的思考

"共抓长江大保护"是庞大复杂的系统工程,在科学认知长江生态环境问题的基础上,应当深入研究和探索创新"共抓长江大保护"顶层设计与实施路径规划、科学支撑与理论引领、关键工程技术措施选择、系统监测评价体系构建、价值实现方法路径探索、市场化运行机制创新、立法保护与监督、创新合作平台建设等一系列重大关键问题,这些问题共同组成了"共抓长江大保护"的体系框架,直接关系到这一历史伟业的最终成功。     

利用改进的内梅罗指数法模型评价苏州市内外城河水质

采用改进的内梅罗指数法评价苏州市内外城河的水质污染状况。计算水质的分级标准临界值,以此作为评价水质污染状况的依据。研究结果表明,苏州市内外城河6个采样点的水质污染状况不同,各个点位的水质随时间变化显著(5月、9月、11月较好)。通过Pearson相关性分析可知,影响水质的主要因素是营养元素(氨氮、总氮和总磷)及重金属(6价铬)。对比改进前后的两种评价方法,改进的内梅罗指数法对水质污染状况的评价更为科学客观。     

Appraisal of radioactivity and associated radiation hazards in sand samples of four rivers of Punjab province,Pakistan

Natural and anthropogenic radioactivity of sand and water samples collected from the four big rivers of Punjab province, Pakistan, was measured using a high-purity germanium detector coupled with a high resolution multichannel analyser. The average concentration of the naturally occurring radionuclides ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K in all the sand samples from the rivers Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Indus was found to be 22±0.6, 36±1 and 287±10 Bq?kg ^?1, respectively, while the concentration of the anthropogenic radionuclide ¹³⁷Cs was found to be below the minimum detectable activity, i.e. ～ 1.2 Bq?kg ^?1. All the sand samples have Ra_eq concentrations lower than the limit of 370 Bq?kg ^?1. Indoor (H _in) and outdoor (H _out) radiation hazard indices were calculated for the samples to assess the radiation hazards arising due to the use of this sand in construction, and were found to be less than unity in the study area. Calculated values of the absorbed dose rate were less than the typical world average value of 59 nGy?h ^?1, and the annual effective dose rate was also less than the typical world value of 70 μSv, except in the Indus river, in which it is slightly higher then the world average. Results show that the measured values are comparable with other global radioactivity measurements. None of the studied riverbeds was considered a radiological hazard, and their sand can be safely used in construction.     

某内陆核电厂冷却塔雾羽对环境要素变化的响应分析

 冷却塔雾羽扩散直接影响冷却塔周围区域居民生活环境,是内陆核电厂散热系统运行环境影响评价时首要考虑的重要问题。应用冷却塔环境影响评价模型（SACTI）,针对不同环境温度和风速变化情景下自然通风冷却塔雾羽特征参数进行模拟,以确定不同季节气象要素变化可能对冷却塔雾羽扩散产生的影响。研究表明,SACTI 模型预测的不同温度条件下雾羽长度发生频率随温度增高呈下降趋势;雾羽高度发生频率随温度下降呈增加趋势、随温度增高呈减少趋势;雾羽半径发生频率随温度变化呈减少趋势。不同风速条件下,雾羽长度发生频率随风速增加呈增加趋势,雾羽高度发生频率随风速增加呈减少趋势,雾羽半径发生频率随风速增加呈减少趋势。冷却塔雾羽受温度和风速影响显著,直接影响不同季节冷却塔雾羽扩散。     

A non-horizontal multi-layer numerical model for the flow in natural rivers

A non-horizontal multi-layer element model is developed for the simulation for the flow in natural rivers. Either Cartesian coordinates or sigma coordinates will experience difficulties in dealing with the water surface and irregular bed topography of natural rivers. To create the surface-fitting and non-deformed cells, the newly developed model divides the water column into several layers with non-horizontal interfaces which are nearly parallel to the water surface. The irregular bed topography is also represented by the layered integration between non-horizontal interfaces. Two case studies for the flow in a straight channel and the flow in an S-shaped meander channel are conducted with good agreement between the numerical predictions and the analytical or experimental results. The model is further applied for the investigation of the flow in a 12-km-long and 3.46-m-drop reach of the Yangtze River with the water surface evaluation and the stream-wise velocity satisfactory accordance with the observed data.