连续小波变换的土壤有机质含量高光谱估测

土壤有机质含量的高光谱估测可快速、准确监测土壤肥力,对现代化农业生产进行精准施肥提供科学依据。以新疆渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲耕层土壤为研究对象,对采集的98个土壤样品的原始光谱反射率R分别进行传统倒数对数lg(1/R)、一阶微分R′和倒数对数一阶微分[lg(1/R)]′数学变换,以及基于小波母函数Bior1.3不同尺度分解的连续小波变换（CWT）,并与实测土壤有机质含量进行相关分析,从而筛选出各类变换下与土壤有机质含量密切相关的特征波段和小波系数（p<0.01）。分别以原始光谱反射率（R）以及不同变换处理下的特征波段反射率和敏感小波系数作为自变量,土壤有机质含量作为因变量,采用偏最小二乘回归和支持向量机回归方法构建土壤有机质含量的估测模型。结果表明：（1）各类光谱变换方法有效提升光谱与土壤有机质含量之间的敏感性,其中经CWT变换后的土壤光谱反射率与有机质含量的相关性得到显著提高,相关系数由0.39提高到0.54（p<0.01）。（2）传统的[lg(1/R)]′变换构建的支持向量机回归模型,其决定系数（R2）高于lg(1/R)和R′变换构建的模型,说明倒数对数一阶微分变换可有助于提高估测模型的精度,且支持向量机回归模型的精度和稳定性高于偏最小二乘回归模型。（3）经过CWT分解后,以原始光谱反射率在不同尺度上的敏感小波系数作为自变量建立的模型,估测精度和稳定性均有明显的提高,构建的R-CWT-23-SVMR模型的决定系数（R2）为0.84,均方根误差（RMSE）为1.48,相对分析误差（RPD）等于2.11,模型精度达到最高并拥有极好的预测能力。高光谱数据经多种变换处理后可有效去除白噪声,而连续小波变换处理比传统的数学变换方法更适合于挖掘土壤有效信息,实现光谱信号的近似特征和细节特征的有效分离,建立的反演模型可更加精准估测土壤有机质含量。     

基于机器鱼的内陆湖泊水质在线监测系统设计

仅依赖无线传感器网络在线实测是利用多跳式通信实现远程发送与存储数据丢包率高,实验阶段设计的二维结构仿真机器鱼巡游避障性能差,GPRS全天候数据采集与传送所需的流量费用高,针对以上这些问题,设计了一套可进行实测的机器鱼自动巡游避障、水质环境实时监测系统平台;该系统通过移动终端程序设计、利用三维采集路径跟踪算法及WSNs与Wifi热点技术对机器鱼群实现远程精准控制,按照设定深度、路径规划的采集点进行水温水位、PH值、溶解氧、电导率、浊度等常五类水质环境数据实时采集、处理、远程存储、显示、分析及预警,给出了系统的总体设计、机器鱼的结构与控制系统设计、终端节点与协调器的硬件系统及上下位机软件系统设计;利用这套系统对巢湖5个取样点实测,水温、溶解氧、PH值平均误差率分别为0.18%、0.5%及0.01%,远高于其他水质在线监测的精度要求,达到了预期成果;同时对水库及精细水产养殖业等水质在线监测与预警具有很高的推广价值。     

天津市主要河流水质及污染物入海通量

通过对天津市9条主要入海河流在2006—2010年的出境入海水量及水质等监测资料的统计分析,估算天津市主要入海河流各污染因子的入海通量.结果表明:天津市入海河流的水质以劣Ⅴ类水质为主,独流减河、永定新河和子牙新河污染最为严重,永定河和金钟河水质以Ⅴ类水质为主.与2006年比较,2010年北京排污河和潮白新河2条河流的整体水质有所改善,水质类别提升1个级别,但整体水质污染严重.2008年的污水入海量和污染物入海量均较小,此后的2 a又有所反弹.其中,2010年的污水入海量最大,但其主要污染物较2007年仍然有所下降,COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷入海量分别为2 017.22、300.23、465.00和42.09 t.表明虽然入海污水量在不断增长,但污染物浓度有了一定程度的下降.     

An important form of basin-mountain coupling： Orogenic belt and flank basin

Orogeny is always associated with the erosion and sediments carried by both transverse and longitudinal river systems. Those two river systems transport sediments into foreland or hinterland basin and flank basin.Longitudinal river systems prevail in and around the Tibetan Plateau due to the fact that they flow parallel to the strike of structures within the developing mountain belt.The flank basins surrounded the Tibetan Plateau and adjacent areas are developed in different tectonic settings, including inland,continental margin and deep ocean, most of them containing oil and natural gas. Those basins not only have longer evolution histories than foreland basins but also are more complete in their records of deposition. Coupling of orogeny and flank basin deposition also occurred widely in pre-Cenozoic time,in particular, the coupling between the Qinling orogenic belt and Songpan-Ganzi flysch flank basin is the most distinctive.The evolution of ancient latitudinal rivers derived from the Qinling orogenic belt during periods of mountain building was controlled not only by landforms but also by the lateral extrusion of the crustal fragments.     

阿尔泰山两河源头保护区的昆虫区系

对阿尔泰山两河(额尔齐斯河和乌伦古河)源头保护区昆虫区系的考察结果进行了报道．考察结果表明：1．该地区昆虫经鉴定出的种类有19目150科643属1166种。据推测，整个昆虫区系不下4000种。是新疆昆虫物种多样性最为丰富的地区；2．据对直翅目和鞘翅目424种昆虫的区系成分分析．含有欧洲-西伯利亚种126种．占29．7％。泛古北种和中亚细亚种各103种．各占24．3％。此外还有中央亚细亚种、特有种、地中海种、欧洲中亚种、亚洲种、西伯利亚种、全北种和广布种，此地是以欧洲一西伯利亚种占优势．并富含多种区系成分的地区；3．昆虫区系同植被一样。具明显垂直地带性分布特征，山地荒漠亚带多为旱生型昆虫．山地森林草甸带大多为中生型昆虫，种类最为丰富，达816种；4．该地昆虫主要为草原和森林害虫．草原害虫以蝗虫为最重要．落叶松毛虫、舞毒蛾等蛾类、吉丁虫、天牛、小蠢虫、叶甲等是山地森林的主要害虫；5．资源昆虫分为天敌昆虫、珍稀和观赏昆虫、药用昆虫三类，蚁类同虫草一样．资源丰富，具有产业开发意义．     

Clay mineral composition and their sources for the fluvial sediments of Taiwanese rivers

Located at the collision boundary between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Continental Plate,the island of Taiwan is generally recognized as an important example in the MARGINS Program Science Plan and "source-to-sink" research because of its high tectonic activity,heavy rainfall and unique geography.Large suspended sediment loads are transported to the adjacent ocean by Taiwanese rivers every year,making Taiwan an important source of sediments into the adjacent seas and a natural laboratory for studying the systemic movement of fluvial sediments from source to sink.A detailed study on the clay mineral composition of surface sediments collected from the drainage basins of 12 Taiwanese rivers using X-ray diffraction methods was conducted.Our results indicated that the clay mineral assemblages consisted dominantly of illite(approximately 73%) and chlorite(approximately 24%),with lesser abundances of kaolinite(approximately 3%) and even lower levels of smectite from the Danshuei River sediments in northwestern Taiwan.The Jhuoshuei River sediments from western Taiwan contained clay mineral assemblages that consisted of illite(approximately 75%) and chlorite(approximately 25%),but they lacked kaolinite and smectite.In southwestern Taiwan,the clay mineral assemblages were dominated by illite(approximately 75%) and chlorite(approximately 23%),but had a low abundance of kaolinite(generally < 2%) and no smectite.The clay mineral assemblages in eastern Taiwan are obviously different from those in western parts of the island.The most noticeable difference is that the average abundance of chlorite in the Hualien River from eastern Taiwan was the highest(approximately 48%) of all the Taiwanese rivers.We concluded that,in general,the clay mineral assemblages in Taiwanese rivers were mainly composed of illite and chlorite with kaolinite and smectite being scarce,and these trends are different from those in China’s mainland rivers.The clay mineral composition shown in this study was primarily determined by the properties of the bedrock,and the differential weathering intensities of the drainage area.The surface sediments in Taiwan’s rivers showed a greater abundance of illite and chlorite because the outcropped rocks were mainly composed of Tertiary sedimentary rocks,especially sandstone,shale and slate,and show strong physical weathering.The relatively high relief and more abundant rainfall also caused the clay minerals in the fluvial sediments to be transported to the estuaries down rivers from the mountains and then delivered to the adjacent seas by currents and waves over a shorter time scale.     

地下淡水驱替咸水过程中水文地球化学作用的试验研究

选取鲁北地区浅层粉土、浅层地下咸水及大气降水为供试材料,进行室内淡水驱替咸水试验,分析地下淡水驱替咸水过程中水化学成分形成、演化过程,探讨内陆浅层咸水区地下淡水驱替咸水过程中发生的水文地球化学过程.试验结果表明:1驱替过程中,含水介质粘土矿物含量高,电导率≤0.83 ms/cm,粘土矿物"膜效应"使离子组分发生浓缩现象.2驱替过程中,白云石处于沉淀状态,岩盐处于溶解状态;电导率1.00 ms/cm,方解石处于沉淀状态;电导率≥6.22 ms/cm,石膏处于平衡状态.临界离子强度为0.20~0.25 mol/L,Mg/Ca-Na阳离子交换作用显著.电导率12.00 ms/cm,离子交换吸附作用显著.研究表明,内陆浅层咸水区淡水驱替咸水过程中发生复杂的水化学作用,主要包括吸附作用、离子交换作用、溶滤作用、脱白云岩化作用及混合作用.     

温州市典型黑臭河道人居环境调查分析

选取温州市山下河和九山外河两岸居民,开展<温州市典型黑臭河道人居环境评价>的抽样问卷调查,拟获取示范河道周边居民对河道水体景观及周边居住环境的整体感知.结果显示:86.2%的被调查者认为非常需要对河道进行专项治理;近40%的居民对河道两岸生态景观质量评价较好,而有58.6%的居民评价水体环境质量恶劣;河道周边生命线系统...     

内河船舶导航监控一体化应用

针对内河船舶导航和监控一体化应用的概念和功能需求,研究其体系框架,并设计实现一种运行于网络浏览器的Web船舶导航和监控一体化应用系统,系统基于3层网络架构以及JSP和COM组件技术实现.船舶导航监控一体化应用系统能够将内河航运中的船舶与船公司、港口、VTS中心等监管部门紧密联结为一体,保证其间便捷畅通的业务交流通道,对...     

基于全卷积网络模型的高分遥感影像内陆网箱养殖区提取

为了研究高分遥感影像的内陆网箱养殖区自动快速提取,利用福建省北部内陆水域的GF-1影像和GF-2影像,并对影像中的网箱养殖区进行人工标注,经过旋转、缩放和镜像翻转等数据增强处理后构建了2种影像的内陆网箱养殖区样本库;利用样本库训练内陆网箱养殖区提取的深度学习全卷积网络(fully convolutional networks,FCN)模型并开展精度验证。结果显示,GF-1影像提取结果的F值达到83.37%,GF-2影像提取结果的F值达到92.56%。表明基于FCN的高分影像内陆网箱养殖区提取具有较高的精度,能够进行大规模内陆网箱养殖区提取应用,为内陆水产养殖区的监测提供重要依据。