表面能对过冷水中冰生长的影响

通过实验观察了过冷水在壁面上的结冰过程,采用高速相机分别记录水平和竖直2个方向的冰生长过程.分别研究了接触角和导热率2个壁面材料参数对冰生长的影响,并且针对接触角影响结冰的机制进行了探讨.结果显示:壁面导热率可明显改变壁面上冰的速度和形态;接触角对结冰速度改变较少,但在导热率低时影响大.     

基于改进迭代模型的车-桥耦合系统竖向随机振动研究

采用改进的车-桥耦合系统迭代计算模型,建立了基于虚拟激励法(PEM)的列车-轨道-桥梁竖向随机振动分析模型.采用虚拟激励法将轨道不平顺精确地转化为一系列竖向简谐不平顺的叠加,并运用分离迭代法求解车-桥耦合系统振动方程.以CRH2高速列车通过5跨简支梁桥为例,对改进的车-桥耦合系统迭代计算模型的计算精度和效率进行了验证.结果表明:在保持与传统模型相同计算精度的前提下,改进模型能使计算效率提高5倍左右.通过对列车-轨道-简支梁桥竖向随机振动响应中确定性激励引起的均值和轨道不平顺引起的均方根进行分析可知:桥梁竖向位移主要受列车自重控制,轨道不平顺引起的桥梁竖向位移影响很小;桥梁和车体竖向加速度受轨道不平顺影响显著,改善线路条件能有效提高列车的乘车舒适性;同时,车速越高,桥梁和车辆随机响应的均方根越大,由轨道不平顺引起的耦合系统振动响应的离散度越大.     

钢桥面疲劳细节的车辆动力冲击响应研究

选取佛陈新桥(三跨变截面连续钢箱梁桥)为研究对象,以35t标定三轴车进行跑车试验,结合有限元计算,对正交异性钢桥面疲劳细节的车桥动力性能展开研究.首先,将试验结果进行滤波处理,过滤掉噪声信号;然后,采用雨流法提取各个测点的应变幅值和循环次数;最后,按不同的疲劳细节计算出相应的冲击系数,并进行分析.研究发现:徐行与常速工况下,钢桥面均出现明显的车桥耦合现象.由于各疲劳细节处的局部刚度与构造的差异,各疲劳细节测点车桥动力冲击响应各不相同.其中,面板、U肋与隔板测点的冲击系数分别为0.219,0.245和0.394,均大于我国《正交异性钢桥面系统设计与维护指南》和美国AASHTO规定的0.15.研究结果表明目前的设计规范低估了车辆对钢桥面的动力冲击响应.     

基于运动力学的头部碰撞问题物质点法模拟研究

为了探究人体头部碰撞动态响应问题,基于运动生物力学,采用新近兴起的物质点法,构建三种不同类型的模型,运用铅柱撞击头部的形式为人体头部施加冲击力,探究不同边界条件以及人体头部肌肉对于动态响应的影响。研究发现:头部肌肉可以扩大头部的受力面积,减小单位面积的受力强度,通过肌肉本身的应变有效地缓释冲击力,降低冲击力对于头部的直接伤害;但是,肩部的运动对于头部的影响较小,肩部对于头部主要起固定作用,并无法缓释冲击力。     

Covalently Attached Liquids: Instant Omniphobic Surfaces with Unprecedented Repellency

Recent strategies to prepare “omniphobic” surfaces have demonstrated that minimizing contact angle hysteresis (CAH) is the key criterion for effectiveness. CAH is affected by chemistry and topography defects at the molecular and higher levels, thus most surfaces exhibit significant CAH. Preparative methods for stable coatings on smooth substrates with negligible CAH (<2°) for a broad range of liquids have not been reported. In this work, we describe a simple and rapid procedure to prepare omniphobic surfaces that are stable under pressure and durable at elevated temperatures. Consistent with theory, they exhibit sliding angles that decrease with liquid surface tension. Slippery omniphobic covalently attached liquid (SOCAL) surfaces are obtained through acid‐catalyzed graft polycondensation of dimethyldimethoxysilane. The smooth, stable, and temperature‐resistant coatings show extremely low CAH (≤1°) and low sliding angles for liquids that span surface tensions from 78.2 to 18.4 mN m^?1.     

A random forest application to contact‐state classification for robot programming by human demonstration

This paper addresses the non‐parametric estimation of the stochastic process related to the classification problem that arises in robot programming by demonstration of compliant motion tasks. Robot programming by demonstration is a robot programming paradigm in which a human operator demonstrates the task to be performed by the robot. In such demonstration, several observable variables, such as velocities and forces can be modeled, non‐parametrically, in order to classify the current state of a contact between an object manipulated by the robot and the environment in which it operates. Essential actions in compliant motion tasks are the contacts that take place, and therefore, it is important to understand the sequence of contact states made during a demonstration, called contact classification. We propose a contact classification algorithm based on the random forest algorithm. The main advantage of this approach is that it does not depend on the geometric model of the objects involved in the demonstration. Moreover, it does not rely on the kinestatic model of the contact interactions. The comparison with state‐of‐the‐art contact classifiers shows that random forest classifier is more accurate. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new indicator to measure the noise impact around airports: The Real Estate Tolerance Level (RETL) – Case study around Charles de Gaulle Airport

The Community Tolerance Level (CTL) is a new indicator which characterizes the impact of aircraft noise around local airport. It corresponds to the exposure sound level (DENL or DNL) where 50% of the population is highly annoyed. Inspired by this indicator, this paper aims at calculating the Real Estate Tolerance Level (RETL) which corresponds to the exposure sound level where a property price is 50% depreciated compared to the price of the same property which would be situated in an area whose DENL is below 50 dB(A). The use of a notarial database analyzed with the Hedonic Price Model (HPM) made it possible to calculate the percentage of property price depreciation around CDG airport, with 1-dB steps of DENL, and so far to calculate the RETL. 19,891 house transactions and 23,264 apartments have been localized with a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and crossed with the Sound Environment Curves provided by Airport of Paris. The RETL value for single houses and for apartments around CDG is 75.8 dB. It is comparable to the mean CTL value which has been estimated to 73.3 dB from the DNL data of 43 airports over the world (about 73.9 dB from DENL data). The RETL is predictable without field survey and could characterize the impact of aircraft noise around local airports. It could be a good indicator to follow the evolution of population tolerance over the years.     

Correspondence between two types of rating indices for the heavy weight floor impact sound insulation of residential buildings

Of the two types of rating indices for the heavy weight floor impact sound insulation, the method of utilizing a rubber ball impact source combined with A-weighted sound level and the method utilizing a tire impact source combined with L-rating curve, the advantage of the former has been reported. In order to extend the advantage, the possibility was studied of estimating the rating utilizing the rubber ball impact source, based on the measurement results utilizing the tire impact source, especially for the case of a double leaf wooden floor. The correlation between the indices is not high enough to estimate one of them directly from the other with an accuracy not incorrectly estimating the rating grade of 5 dB step. The use of predictor variables, such as the special specifications of the double leaf wooden floor, for example, the use of sound insulation sheet, and the floor impact sound levels in the 31.5-Hz, 63-Hz and 125-Hz bands, is possibly able to increase the accuracy. Three principal types of multiple regression equation were derived through the analysis of measurement results in existing residential buildings.     

Monitoring acoustic emission (AE) energy of abrasive particle impacts in a slurry flow loop using a statistical distribution model

Slurry erosion has been recognized as a serious problem in many industrial applications. In slurry flows, the estimation of the amount of incident kinetic energy that transmits from particles suspended in the fluid to the containment structures is a key aspect in evaluating its abrasive potential. This work represents a systematic investigation of particle impact energy measurement using acoustic emission (AE), as indicated by a sensor mounted on the outer surface of a sharp bend, in an arrangement that had been pre-calibrated using controlled single and multiple impacts. Particle size, free stream velocity, and nominal particle concentration were varied, and the amount of energy dissipated in the carbon steel bend was assessed using a slurry impingement flow loop test rig. Silica sand particles of mean particle size 225–650 μm were used for impingement on the bend with particle nominal concentrations between 1 and 5% while the free stream velocity was changed between 4.2 and 14 ms⁻¹.     

相对流量技术及其在电子碰撞微分散射截面测量中的应用

为了提高原子分子动力学参数的测量精度,本文把气体相对流量技术应用到快电子碰撞研究中.并且在此基础上测量了氙原子6s激发的广义振子强度,所得结果在小动量转移区间与前人的结果符合很好,表明气体相对流量技术在电子碰撞方法中的适用性.大动量转移区间6s的表观广义振子强度对电子碰撞能量的依赖行为,说明500 eV的电子碰撞能量还不满足一阶玻恩近似条件.与Hartree-Fock方法相比,考虑电子关联效应更全面的随机相移近似计算结果与本文的实验结果符合更好,说明对于像Xe这样的重原子,电子关联效应十分重要.