Electrochemical Signal Tracing by Glucose Oxidase and Ferrocene Dually Functionalized Gold Nanoprobe for Ultrasensitive Immunoassay

A glucose oxidase (GOD) and ferrocene (Fc) dually functionalized gold nanoprobe was simply prepared for electrochemical immunoassay. By combination with sandwich immunoreaction at a carbon nanotube (CNT)‐based immunosensor and signal tracing of the nanoprobe through the Fc‐mediated GOD‐catalytic reaction, a new electrochemical immunoassay method was successfully developed. Both the multi‐enzyme signal amplification of the nanoprobe and the electron transfer promotion of the CNTs modified on the immunosensor greatly enhanced the signal response. Thus this method showed excellent analytical performance including ultrahigh sensitivity, wide linear range as well as good specificity, reproducibility, stability and reliability for human IgG measurement.     

Development of a sensitive micro-magnetic chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay for the determination of carcinoembryonic antigen

A micro-magnetic chemiluminescence (CL) enzyme immunoassay with high sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility was developed for the determination of the tumor marker, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in human serum. A sandwich scheme assay has been utilized with fluorescein isothiocyanate antibody (FITC)-labeled anti-CEA antibody and alkaline phosphate (ALP)-labeled anti-CEA antibody being used in the CL detection. The CL signal produced by the emission of photons from 4-methoxy-4-(3-phosphate-phenyl)-spiro-(1,2-dioxetane-3,2′-adamantane) (AMPPD) was directly proportional to the amount of analyte present in a sample solution. The influences of the reaction time of antigen with antibody, the reaction time of substrate with label, the dilution ratio of ALP-labeled anti-CEA antibody, the concentration of FITC-labeled anti-CEA antibody, and other relevant variables upon the CL signal were examined and optimized. The CL responses depended linearly on the CEA concentration over the range from 2 to 162 ng mL⁻¹ in a logarithmic plot. Assay sensitivity as low as 0.69 ng mL⁻¹ was achieved. A coefficient of variance of less than 13% was obtained for intra- and inter-assay precision. This method has been successfully applied to the analysis of CEA in human serum. According to the procedure based on spiked standards, the recoveries obtained were 80–110%. Comparison experiments were carried out with the commercially available CEA chemiluminescence immunoassay. Satisfactory results were obtained according to a paired t-test method (t value < t _critical at the 95% confidence level).     

Investigation of several parameters influencing signal generation in flow-through membrane-based enzyme immunoassay

Rapid-response analytical tests that can be performed at the point of sampling are based on a visual detection system. The influence of different factors on the signal generation in a membrane-based enzyme immunoassay was investigated. The research was applied to a flow-through immunoassay for the detection of ochratoxin A (OTA). This assay format is a very convenient, simple and fast qualitative screening tool. Conjugates of OTA with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were used as enzyme tracers. A new conjugate OTA-AP has been synthesized in our laboratory and its performance in the assay was compared with that of OTA-HRP. Different substrate systems for HRP and AP were compared. Several reagents, including polymers and surfactants, were tested for their possible effect on signal generation with the use of OTA-HRP conjugate. Polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) 6000 exerted a favourable effect on signal amplification, whereas surfactants negatively affected assay performance. The highest signal amplification (30–70% compared to the standard assay procedure) was achieved using 0.5% PVA in tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) Colorburst substrate solution and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for the washing step. It allowed more reliable visual estimation of the results from OTA-HRP assay. Exclusion of the detergent (Tween 20) from the washing solution exerted a favourable effect on assay performance using both enzyme tracers. The assay using OTA-HRP was more susceptible to matrix interferences than the assay with OTA-AP. Signal development in the matrix was better for the OTA-AP assay and visual estimation of the results was easier to perform in this case. For the analysis of spiked wheat samples, OTA-AP conjugate gave a more sensitive, stable and reproducible assay with a cut-off level of 4 μg kg⁻¹ for OTA. The application of the new OTA-AP conjugate resulted in improved assay performance for the food samples.     

电化学发光法测定发光标记试剂ABEI

ABEI-[N-(4-氨基丁基)-N-乙基]-氯基-2,3-二氢吩噻嗪-1,4-二酮是化学发光免疫分析法(简称LIA)中最常用的发光标记试剂,但有关电化学发光免疫分析目前尚未见报道。本文利用自制的电化学发光仪,对ABEI和ABEI标记兔抗HCG的电化学发光行为进行了研究。提出了利用电化学发光进行免疫分析的新途径。     

化学发光免疫分析试剂吖啶酯的合成新路线

设计了一种化学发光免疫分析试剂吖啶酯的合成新路线,以二苯胺为原料合成吖啶-9-羧酸,经酰氯化后与3-(4-羟基苯基)-丙酸-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯反应得4-(2-琥珀酰亚胺基氧羰基乙基)苯基-9-吖啶羧酸酯,最后与氟磺酸甲酯反应即得4-(2-琥珀酰亚胺基氧羰基)苯基-10-甲基吖啶-9-羧酸酯氟磺酸盐(俗称吖啶酯).     

电化学发光分析的新进展

电化学发光技术作为一种新的痕量生化分析手段越来越引人注目。介绍了电化学发光基础研究的最新进展,并评述了电化学发光技术的环境分析,免疫分析,核酸杂交分析及其它生化物质测定中的一些最新应用。     

Development of BCPDA-Eu3+-BAS Labeled Hepatitis B Surface Antibodies

The effect of the chelating agent 4,7-bis(chlorosulfophenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylic acid (BCPDA) labeled hepatitis B surface antibodies(HBsAb) on time-resolved fluoroimmunoassays(TRFIA) was investigated. The labeling detection method was established. The biotin-streptavidin(BAS) system was introduced, and the multi-stage amplification effect of the BAS system was analyzed. It is found that the BCPDA-Eu³⁺-HBsAb-BAS fluorescent marker can emit strong fluorescence. Compared to BCPDA-Eu³⁺-HBsAb, BCPDA-Eu³⁺-HBsAb-BAS demonstrates an enhanced fluorescence intensity by over 10 times. This study provides a guidance for the next gene- ration non-radio immunoassays in clinical diagnosis.     

Magnetic permeability based diagnostic test for the determination of the canine C-reactive protein concentration in undiluted whole blood

We describe an one-step 11-min magnetic permeability based two-site immunoassay for C-reactive protein (CRP) utilizing polyclonal anti-canine CRP antibody conjugated dextran iron oxide nanoparticles (79 nm) as superparamagnetic labels and polyclonal anti-canine CRP conjugated silica microparticles (15 to 40 μm) as carriers. An inductance based magnetic permeability reader was used to detect the target analyte, CRP, in 10 μL whole blood samples, by measuring the magnetic permeability increase of the silica microparticle sediment due to immuno complex superparamagnetic nanoparticles. Measurements on standards showed a linear response between 0 and 17.5 mg/L CRP. Measurements performed on 16 whole blood samples from mixed breeds showed good correlation with a commercially available ELISA assay.     

Multiparametric magnetic immunoassays utilizing non-linear signatures of magnetic labels

A powerful route to utilizing magnetic nanoparticles as labels in magnetic immunoassays is to exploit their non-linear response when they are exposed to a multi-frequency alternating magnetic field. We have upgraded this non-linear method allowing for the detection, discrimination and quantification of particles of two kinds when mixed together, with no need for spatial resolution. Each kind of particle is characterized by a specific magnetic signature based on d²B(H)/dH². Appropriate data processing of the signature measured on a mixture of both particles allows for obtaining the amount of each particle. This will enable utilizing magnetic labels for multiparametric magnetic immunoassays.