长江口水文监测站网布局研究

本文在长江口区域潮位、流量、波浪、盐度、泥沙、水质和风速风向等水文要素逐项分析研究布设的基础上,按照"突出重点、一站多项、要素综合、精简节约"的基本思路,根据"保障重点、统筹兼顾,新老整合、充实完善,点面并举、驻巡结合"的基本原则,提出了以控制站和关键节点代表水文站为主体的长江口水文监测站网综合规划布局方案.     

水文遥测系统运行可靠性的监测方法及推理模型

研究水文遥测系统的可靠性运行状态的监测问题,对于包括众多无人测站的水文遥测系统来说尤其重要。给出系统的完整性及完整性指标－完整度的定义;提出并研究基于多传感器信息融合技术的系统完整性监测与估计方法;建立基于模糊推理方法的系统完整性信息融合监测模型。该模型对描述水文遥测系统的完整度具有可操作性。利用该模型,根据所选取的系统完整性环境中的指标参数,即可推理出系统的完整度。     

Pleistocene age paleo-groundwater inferred from water-stable isotope values in the central part of the Baltic Artesian Basin

A new data set of δ²H and δ¹⁸O in the groundwater from the central part of the Baltic Artesian Basin is presented. The hydrogeological section is subdivided into stagnation, slow exchange and active exchange zones. Na–Ca–Cl brine found at the deepest part – the stagnation zone – is characterized by δ¹⁸O values above ?5?‰ and δ²H values approaching ?40?‰ with respect to Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water. The slow exchange zone where waters of mostly intermediate salinity reside is characterized by δ¹⁸O values around ?11.7?‰ and δ²H values around ?85.3?‰. Mean δ¹⁸O and δ²H values of the fresh groundwater in the active water exchange zone are ?11.1 and ?79.9?‰, respectively. Characteristically, the groundwater in the active and slow exchange zone is isotopically more depleted compared with the precipitation values observed, and the depletion increases with depth down to the level where strongly enriched brines are encountered.     

安庆铜矿水文地质数据管理及辅助绘图系统的研究与开发

对矿区的水文地质数据能否进行实时有效的管理,影响到矿山企业的经济效益和持续发展。本文针对安庆铜矿的具体情况,阐述了建立水文地质数据管理及辅助绘图系统的技术方案与路线,讨论了实现系统功能的一些关键技术。     

Wetland hydrologic application of satellite altimetry-A case study in the Poyang Lake watershed

Hydrologic variation affects many functions of wetlands.Rapidly and accurately measuring hydrologic dynamics in a wetland watershed has become a fundamental need for estimating functional changes of wetlands.The satellite altimeters have become good data sources that can complement the measurements of gauge stations.As a case project applied in the Poyang Lake watershed,this study has developed a technical approach that integrates the altimeter measurements with the in situ water level data.The derived water surface heights with Envisat RA-2 data are compared with the daily observations of in situ water levels.The average absolute observation difference between the "altimeter station" and its nearest gauge station is 0.307 m,which is comparable to the average differences among the gauge stations.The results suggest that the derived water surface heights from the altimeter data have a good accuracy,which can be used along with the in situ observations as supplements to fill the ungauged area in Poyang Lake wetlands.     

螺旋切割式打捞筒处理大直径井孔内落鱼

水文水井钻探是现代地下水勘探和开发过程中所采用的钻探工艺。在野外钻探过程中,钻头脱落、钻杆断裂等井下事故时有发生,处理起来也较为困难。目前大部分野外事故处理中仍然采用旧式的打捞工具,依靠施工人员经验进行打捞处理,很多时候处理效果并不理想。根据对目前已有的钻头钻杆打捞工具及工艺的调研,结合目前水文水井钻探施工的实际情况,对原有的打捞设备进行改良,设计出一种打捞效果较为显著的钻头钻杆打捞工具,且可在遇突发情况时利用现有材料直接制作,提高一次打捞的成功率,既节省时间,又能够降低成本。     

分形在水文水资源水环境中的应用研究与展望

较系统的论述了当前分形理论在水文水资源水环境中的应用,主要有:水文现象中分形特征的分析计算;分形在水文水资源评价、分类当中的应用;分形在水文水资源水环境的预测中的应用。总结了分形理论在水文中应用存在的问题:分形特征分析较多,但应用到评价、分类中较少,特别是在水文预测上应用较少。提出了未来研究的展望:将分形理论应用到评价、预测中,并加强分形理论与其它理论、方法的比较和结合,为水文评价、预测提供一种新思路。     

Assessment of adaptive and heuristic time stepping for variably saturated flow

The performance of improved initial estimates and ‘heuristic’ and ‘adaptive’ techniques for time step control in the iterative solution of Richards equation is evaluated. The so‐called heuristic technique uses the convergence behaviour of the iterative scheme to estimate the next time step whereas the adaptive technique regulates the time step on the basis of an approximation of the local time truncation error. The sample problems used to assess these various schemes are characterized by nonuniform (in time) boundary conditions, sharp gradients in the infiltration fronts, and discontinuous derivatives in the soil hydraulic properties. It is found that higher order initial solution estimates improve the convergence of the iterative scheme for both the heuristic and adaptive techniques, with greater overall performance gains for the heuristic scheme, as could be expected. It is also found that the heuristic technique outperforms the adaptive method under strongly nonlinear conditions. Previously reported observations suggesting that adaptive techniques perform best when accuracy requirements on the numerical solution are very stringent are confirmed. Overall both heuristic and adaptive techniques have their limitations, and a more general or mixed time stepping strategy combining truncation error and convergence criteria is recommended for complex problems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

井冈山自然保护区毛竹林土壤水文特征研究

比较研究了井冈山自然保护区毛竹纯林及竹杉混交林的土壤水文-物理性质。结果表明：（1）毛竹纯林与毛竹混交林土壤容重随土壤深度的增加而增大,纯林各层土壤容重比混交林大。竹毛纯林0~20 cm土层非毛管孔隙、毛管孔隙、总孔隙度均比混交林要大;20~40 cm土层,纯林的土壤容重比混交林要小;40~60cm土层,纯林与混交林的...     

A Concept and Isotope Method for Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment

Early assessment of groundwater vulnerability during groundwater exploration is an important precondition for effective protection. Any attempt to assess the “vulnerability” is confronted with the very different factors influencing this property. In this paper we present a new concept to combine different factors on an objective basis. A protection index γ is defined and it is shown that this index can be obtained by the additative combination of a self-cleaning index (γ_s), a retardation index (γ_R) and a dilution index (γ_v). For the estimation of the latter one, isotope techniques are suitable. With lumped-parameter models, easy formulae are derived for the calculation of γ_v from tritium data. The applicability of this approach was tested with data from two field studies. The results obtained show that a reasonable assessment of groundwater vulnerability can be achieved. However, a lot of problems and questions remains to be solved by further investigation.