水文测报系统的结构化分层、互连及通信协议的探讨

从计算机网络技术的角度，对水文测报系统的体系结构进行了分析和探讨，内容包括：水文测报系统结构化分层；通信协议的讨论；各层次网络的互连．     

Natural and anthropogenic variations in the Po river waters (northern Italy): insights from a multi-isotope approach

Po is the main Italian river and the δ¹⁸O and δ²H of its water reveal a similarity between the current meteoric fingerprint and that of the past represented by groundwater. As concerns the hydrochemisty, the Ca–HCO₃ facies remained constant over the last 50 year, and only nitrate significantly increased from less than 1?mg/L to more than 10?mg/L in the 1980s, and then attenuated to a value of 9?mg/L. Coherently, δ¹³C_DIC and δ³⁴S_SO4 are compatible with the weathering of the lithologies outcropping in the basin, while extremely variable δ¹⁵N_NO3 indicates contribution from pollutants released by urban, agricultural and zootechnical activities. This suggests that although the origin of the main constituents of the Po river water is geogenic, anthropogenic contributions are locally significant. Noteworthy, the associated aquifers have the same nitrogen isotopic signature of the Po river, but are characterized by significantly higher NO^– ₃ concentration. This implies that aquifers’ pollution is not ascribed to inflow of current river water, and that the attenuation of the nitrogen load recorded in the river is not occurring in the aquifers, due to their longer water residence time and delayed recovery from anthropogenic contamination.     

水文科学在北京师范大学:回顾、机会与挑战

简要介绍了水文科学的学科体系,回顾了水文科学的发展历史,系统梳理了水文科学在北京师范大学的发展历程.介绍了北京师范大学水科学研究院在水文学及水资源领域的主要成就与发展进程.事实说明,科学技术的发展是水文科学发展的动力,不断增长的社会需求是水文科学发展的源泉,水文科学在北京师范大学的发展,是社会需求所致,是历史的必然,是机会更是挑战.     

Isotopic composition in precipitation and groundwater in the northern mountainous region of the Central Valley of Costa Rica

The linkage between precipitation and recharge is still poorly understood in the Central America region. This study focuses on stable isotopic composition in precipitation and groundwater in the northern mountainous region of the Central Valley of Costa Rica. During the dry season, rainfall samples corresponded to enriched events with high deuterium excess. By mid-May, the Intertropical Convergence Zone poses over Costa Rica resulting in a depletion of ¹⁸O/¹⁶O and ²H/H ratios. A parsimonious four-variable regression model (r^2?=?0.52) was able to predict daily δ¹⁸O in precipitation. Air mass back trajectories indicated a combination of Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean sources, which is clearly depicted in groundwater isoscape. Aquifers relying on Pacific-originated recharge exhibited a more depleted pattern, whereas recharge areas relying on Caribbean parental moisture showed an enrichment trend. These results can be used to enhance modelling efforts in Central America where scarcity of long-term data limits water resources management plans.     

岷江上游日径流过程分维分析及其生态脆弱性表征

运用分形理论的计盒维数原理，采用网格法研究了岷江上游日径流过程线的分形特征．通过计算紫坪铺站、姜射坝站、桑平站的日径流过程分形维数，发现各测站间的分维数变化上存在很大的联系，日径流过程分维数的变化趋势基本一致，将姜射坝站日径流过程线分维数与岷江上游生态脆弱性结合进行分析，分维在一定程度上还可以是生态脆弱性的表征，因此分形分维理论为水文学和生态学研究提供了新思路。     

水文土壤学:一门新兴的交叉学科

水文土壤学是一门新兴的土壤学和水文学的交叉学科,它以景观-土壤-水系统为研究对象,研究不同时间、空间尺度的土壤和水相互作用的物理、化学和生物过程,包括化学物质与能量的水分运移、土壤分布与水文过程和地貌过程的相互作用关系等。水文土壤学的主要特色表现在能够在学科、尺度和资料间进行有效的联结,实现土壤孔隙-土体-流域-区域甚至全球范围内的空间尺度相互转换。本文简要介绍了水文土壤学的形成背景、内涵、特色,以及它们基础科学问题,展望了水文土壤学的发展趋势及其应用前景。     

甘肃省国家水文数据库系统简介

甘肃省国家水文数据库的建设是我省水文现代化建设的一项重要内容,该库的建成,可为我省防汛、抗旱提供优质、全方位、多功能的服务。本文从“系统配置”和“系统功能”两部分对该库进行了介绍     

梯级水库建设对乌江径流累积效应研究

流域梯级开发是我国一项较大的流域开发系统工程,诸多梯级电站所在河流存在径流量大,径流时空分布不均的特点,而梯级电站的规划与兴建,对当地流域水文情势具有明显的影响效果。以乌江干流为例,运用率定结果合理的水环境数学模型对乌江流域不同方案下水动力环境的模拟,对比分析了乌江梯级开发区域内天然情况、单库运行和梯级水库联合调度对于乌江沿程干流径流调节作用的影响效应及差异度,结果显示:1河流水库的建立削弱了洪季流量,提高了枯季流量,具有径流调节及均化作用;2水库的均化径流效应会随着沿程水库的联合运行呈现逐步增强状态,即水库对径流的调节作用会随梯级水库的联合运行产生沿程累积叠加效应,进而逐步使得河段沿程的年径流量分配更加均匀。     

没冒沙水域水沙运动特性及筑库工程对其影响

以多年数据资料,特别是最新的2003年9月,12月洪枯季和2004年1月枯季南槽没冒沙水域以及邻近水域各定点观测水沙数据资料为基础,采用水文学、泥沙运动力学和数理统计的方法对没冒沙水域的水沙特性进行了分析.结果表明,该水域落潮流速大于涨潮流速,落潮历时比涨潮历时长;净水量向外海,呈落潮流优势;含沙量普遍较高,大潮平均含沙量1.40 kg/m3,小潮平均含沙量0.60 kg/m3,洪季含沙量比枯季高,洪季大潮涨潮含沙量比落潮高,小潮则相反;枯季不论大小潮,一般都是落潮含沙量大于涨潮含沙量;含沙量垂向梯度的大小潮变化、洪枯季变化和涨落潮变化明显.并且用水流连续方程和拟合挟沙力公式推算了水库工程建设后水流流速和含沙量的变化,估计将对南槽产生一定影响.      

基于总体经验模态分解的水文序列多尺度分析

为解决模态混叠问题,将总体经验模态分解方法应用于水文时间序列的多尺度研究中.将白噪声加入原始序列,经过总体经验模态分解后得到固有模态函数,通过对结果进行显著性检验并最终得到水文时间序列主要振荡周期、中心频率、平均振幅等信息.通过对黄河三门峡水文站实测天然年径流序列进行分析,发现总体经验模态分解能够较好地解决模态混叠现象...