应用水化学方法防治矿井突水

本文论述了水化学在探查矿区水文地质条件、分析突水水源、监测突水征兆、预防矿井水灾中的作用,并通过具体实例阐述应用水化学探查和分析矿井水文地质问题的具体方法。     

Distribution of stable isotopes in surface water along the Danube River in Serbia†

Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes were analysed in water samples from the River Danube and its tributaries during a longitudinal survey performed in August 2005 on Serbian territory. Danube river water data ranged from?80‰ to?66‰ for δ²H, and from?11.2‰ to?9.3‰ for δ¹⁸O with δ values increasing downstream. The isotopic signatures of the adjacent tributaries (the Tisza, the Sava and the Velika Morava) sampled at the locations close to their confluence with the Danube (Titel, Ostru?nica and Ljubi?evski most, respectively) just about the time of the campaign were enriched (?67‰ and?63‰ for δ²H, and?9.3‰ and?8.9‰ for δ¹⁸O) with respect to the Danube water because of their catchment effects. Hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope values were used in combination with measured physico-chemical and biological parameters to trace hydrological and transport processes in these river systems. The mixing relationships between the Danube main stream and its tributaries were estimated using the mass balance for isotopic composition and electrical conductivity as conservative parameters. Evidence of an incomplete mixing process at the ?enta location, 8 km below the confluence of the Tisza river, with its participation of 88% was shown by its oxygen-18 content. The correlations between river water isotope composition and physico-chemical and biological parameters are discussed.     

柴北缘陆相页岩压裂返排液水化学和同位素特征

为陆相页岩压裂返排液污染含水层的精准识别,依托柴北缘第1口陆相页岩气勘探井——柴页1井,对比分析页岩气开发区背景地下水、压裂返排液和常规油田卤水(COB)的水化学和同位素特征,探讨压裂返排液污染含水层的标识.研究结果表明:①柴北缘地区极度干旱的气候条件、含水层矿物组成以及陆相页岩的沉积环境,导致海相页岩气田常用的返排液识别指标,如Cl-、溶解性总固体、水化学类型、主要离子比值和氢氧同位素等均不适用于该区陆相页岩返排液的识别标识;②柴北缘地区常规和非常规油气的共同开采现状,使C1/C1-5、δ13 C-CH4等页岩气化学和同位素指标不适用于页岩压裂返排液的溯源标识;③返排液中δ11 B和87 Sr/86 Sr的分布范围与浅层地下水和COB均不重叠,有较大的可区分空间,是返排液污染浅层地下水的潜在识别指标.研究成果可为中国北方页岩气开发的环境影响评价及相关环境立法提供指导建议,促进中国北方页岩气勘查开发工作的环境友好进行.     

纪村水电站库水和坝基水对大坝的影响研究

了解大坝库水和坝基水的水化学特征,以及形成原因并对其侵蚀性作出评价,对维护坝基稳定、保证水电站安全运行具有十分重要的意义。在系统采集纪村水电站库水和坝基水的基础上,运用Piper三线图对库水和坝基水的水化学特征及形成原因进行了分析;并根据国家标准,通过若干指标的分析对其侵蚀性作出了评价。研究结果表明:库水和坝基水对大坝产生的侵蚀作用与纪村水电站所处运行期和停运期有着密切的关联;如停运期内,库水具有强酸性侵蚀和弱结晶性侵蚀等。鉴于库水和坝基水的侵蚀影响,提出了若干条合理化建议,如在停运期适当提高库水位,以防止黄铁矿氧化,从而减少库水的侵蚀性等。     

Estimating the spatial distribution of artificial groundwater recharge using multiple tracers

Stable isotopes of water, organic micropollutants and hydrochemistry data are powerful tools for identifying different water types in areas where knowledge of the spatial distribution of different groundwater is critical for water resource management. An important question is how the assessments change if only one or a subset of these tracers is used. In this study, we estimate spatial artificial infiltration along an infiltration system with stage–discharge relationships and classify different water types based on the mentioned hydrochemistry data for a drinking water production area in Switzerland. Managed aquifer recharge via surface water that feeds into the aquifer creates a hydraulic barrier between contaminated groundwater and drinking water wells. We systematically compare the information from the aforementioned tracers and illustrate differences in distribution and mixing ratios. Despite uncertainties in the mixing ratios, we found that the overall spatial distribution of artificial infiltration is very similar for all the tracers. The highest infiltration occurred in the eastern part of the infiltration system, whereas infiltration in the western part was the lowest. More balanced infiltration within the infiltration system could cause the elevated groundwater mound to be distributed more evenly, preventing the natural inflow of contaminated groundwater.

Dedicated to Professor Peter Fritz on the occasion of his 80th birthday     

河水化学离子成因及影响因素的因子分析探讨

因子分析通过提取影响水化学场形成的主要因素,定量研究流域内岩石风化等对河水化学离子的影响程度,从而对河水溶解质综合分析,反映水化学形成及变化规律。对朝鲜半岛汉江流域前人已发表的数据进行因子分析,研究南北支流水化学的主控因素及其影响程度,结果显示:岩溶作用是汉江流域重要的风化过程,对南北汉江河水溶解质贡献率分别为41.83%和43.15%;硅酸岩类的风化作用较弱,对南北汉江河水溶解质贡献率分别为13.94%和12.12%;人类活动和大气沉降对汉江水化学贡献较大,对南北汉江河水溶解质贡献率分别为29.37%和37.14%。硫酸对南北汉江岩石风化的贡献分别为68%和95%,硝酸参与了南汉江流域的岩石风化。硫酸和硝酸在岩石风化吸收大气CO2中的作用及其对通量计算的影响应引起注意。综合因子得分和总溶解固体浓度有很好相关性,因子分析结果很好地反映了研究区的实际情况。汉江河水离子在空间分布上受地质背景控制,在时间上受降雨等气候变化影响。     

Using stable isotopes and major ions to identify hydrological processes and geochemical characteristics in a typical karstic basin,Guizhou, southwest China

The investigation of hydrological processes is very important for water resource development in karst basins. In order to understand these processes associated with complex hydrogeochemical evolution, a typical basin was chosen in Houzai, southwest China. The basin was hydrogeologically classified into three zones based on hydrogen and oxygen isotopes as well as the field surveys. Isotopic values were found to be enriched in zone 2 where paddy fields were prevailing with well-developed underground flow systems, and heavier than those in zone 1. Zone 3 was considered as the mixture of zones 1 and 2 with isotopic values falling in the range between the two zones. A conceptual hydrological model was thus proposed to reveal the probable hydrological cycle in the basin. In addition, major processes of long-term chemical weathering in the karstic basin were discussed, and reactions between water and carbonate rocks proved to be the main geochemical processes in karst aquifers.     

漓江干流水体主要离子化学变化特征及影响因素

【目的】为保护漓江流域水环境及揭示区域碳酸盐岩风化过程提供基础数据及科学支撑。【方法】通过收集一个水文年漓江干流典型断面的水样,并进行水化学分析来研究水体中离子化学变化特征及其控制因素。【结果】漓江两个断面水化学类型都为Ca-HCO_3型,河水主要离子组分受到水岩作用的控制。两个断面对比来看,上游大面圩(DM)断面受到部分降雨输入的影响,而下游普益(PY)断面受到更加强烈的碳酸盐岩风化作用的影响。漓江两个断面HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)离子浓度表现出雨季小于旱季的现象,主要受到雨季降雨和流量增大的影响,而SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Cl~-离子浓度出现雨季大于旱季的现象,则主要受到农业活动、城市排污的影响。此外,由于人类活动的影响,漓江碳酸盐岩风化受到外源酸的影响,进而影响岩溶风化碳汇效应的评估。【结论】漓江典型断面水体优势离子(HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+))变化特征主要受到地质条件的控制,岩溶作用强度表现出显著的空间差异性;SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Cl~-离子则受到不同人类活动的影响,表现出显著的季节变化和空间变化。     

RockwareAq·QA的水化学分析数据库应用

为提高矿井水害防治能力，应用RockwareAq·QA分析软件建立PiperDiagram水化学分析基础数据库，分析刘庄煤矿东一回风大巷出水情况。结果表明：水化学分析基础数据库能够在矿井发生突水时，科学快速判断水质类型，准确判别突水水源，对提高矿井水害防治能力具有重要的参考。