Thermodynamic properties of alkali halides. V. Temperature and pressure dependence of excess free energies in water

A simple equation has been derived relating the temperature dependence of activity functions with excess enthalpies and excess heat capacities. Using experimentally determined parameters at 298.15°K, it is possible to predict osmotic coefficients and mean activity coefficients of alkali halides in water up to 1 m from 273°K to about 350°K. In general, the predicted functions agree with the measured values within the uncertainty of the activity data. An equation is also given for the pressure dependence of the excess free energies, but it was not possible to check the limitation of this equation due to lack of activity data at various pressures.To whom correspondence should be addressed.     

XPS characterization of wood chemical composition after heat‐treatment

XPS was used to characterize the chemical changes occurring after drying or applying a heat‐treatment to beech wood samples. Our results indicate that the surface of this air‐exposed material could be strongly affected either by the ambient atmosphere during storage or by the complex atmosphere in the oven during drying or heat‐treatment. However, the O/C ratio measured after removal of a thin slice of a few millimetres of an untreated sample is in reasonable agreement with that calculated from the well‐established chemical composition of beech. Through this methodology (equivalent to scraping for hard materials) it is expected to get a realistic characterization of the wood. The reliability and repeatability of the XPS measurements have been checked and the method applied to the study of the chemical changes of the beech samples subjected to heat‐treatment. Heating at 240 °C induces a significant decrease of the O/C ratio from 0.55 before to 0.44 after the treatment. Heat‐treatment induces also a decrease of the C₂ carbon contribution (carbon atom bound to a single non‐carbonyl oxygen) associated with an increase of the C₁ carbon contribution (carbon atoms bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms), in agreement with chemical modifications reported previously in the literature. Thanks to the small analysed area of the equipment used in this study, different spots were analysed to demonstrate the presence or absence of a gradient of chemical composition due to thermal degradation or migration of extractives from within the wood structure to its surface. At the scale of our observations, the different wood samples investigated (dried or heat treated) appear to be homogeneous. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

微量元素及热处理对ZL107组织和性能的影响

ZL107合金具有良好的铸造性能和较高的力学性能,应用非常广泛,但目前还不能满足现代工程结构中大型、复杂、高强度重要铸件的要求.实验在原有成分的基础上,通过添加微量合金元素、混合稀土变质和选择合理的热处理工艺来进一步提高ZL107的综合力学性能.实验结果表明,改进后的合金经过金属型浇注、T5处理后的力学性能:σb为324.2 MPa,δ5为4.1%,HBS为102,比原ZL107合金分别提高了19.7%、46.4%和8.0%.改进后的ZL107合金不但具有较高的强度和硬度,而且具有良好的塑性,有望成为大型、复杂、高强度结构铸铝件的优选合金之一.     

小麦流态化干燥实验关联式及在热泵流化床谷物干燥中的应用

基于流化床干燥理论,采用热风循环充分的电热烘箱作为干燥器,对小麦进行了一系列的薄层干燥实验研究,模拟小麦流态化干燥过程,总结出适用于流化床小麦干燥时间预测的经验回归公式.开发了热泵流化床谷物干燥实验系统,并将小麦干燥的经验回归公式应用于此实验台的干燥实验过程.结果表明,小麦干燥经验回归式可用于预测小麦在流态化条件下的干燥时间,所开发的热泵流化床谷物干燥装置经济性合理,有市场应用前景.     

采油中的润湿热、粘附功和吸附焓变

为了深入了解润湿热、粘附功和吸附焓变在；果油中的地位、应用和相互关系，从概念、相互关系和测量方法等方面探讨了3个量的意义，分析了它们在采油中的作用和应用。分析表明，粘附与润湿均与吸附有关，二者关系密切，在采油中起着举足轻重的作用。油在岩石表面的粘附功、润湿热越大，越不容易被驱走；驱油剂在岩石表面的润湿热越大，越有利于自发渗吸，提高洗油效率；驱油剂在岩石表面的吸附焓变越大，吸附能力越强，越有利于改变岩石表面的性质。     

浅析保温隔热材料

简要介绍了保温隔热材料的性能要求(如导热系数、密度、膨胀系数等)、作用原理以及影响材料导热系数的主要因素。     

差热分析法测定多元醇的比热

利用差示扫描量热计测定了乙二醇、丙二醇、丁二醇和叔丁醇在不同温度范围内的比热，为了验证仪器的准确性，实验测定二次蒸馏水在20-80℃的比热，并与文献值进行了对比，测定水时仪器测量误差在2％以内，并且把测得的各种醇的比热与文献值进行了对比，比热测量值的精度完全能满足工程计算的要求，同时回归了它们的Cp随温度的变化关系，可供工程计算中参考。     

纳米复合电磁线绝缘材料制备和表征

该文研究了纳米材料改性复合绝缘材料的制备方法，采用高频老化实验对样品的耐变频性能作了测定．结果表明，纳米复合绝缘材料在变频电机中的使用寿命比普通绝缘材料提高7倍以上，且纳米颗粒分散工艺对材料性能影响较大．文中还对纳米材料提高绝缘材料耐变频性能的机理进行了初步探讨．     

乙醇三维内微肋热管的传热性能

采用实验研究的方法对三维内微肋热管的强化传热特性进行研究，首次报道了以乙醇为工质的三维内微肋热管的传热性能。在实验范围内，与光管相比，竖直放置时，沸腾换热系数可以提高98％—190％，凝结换热系数可以提高76％—178％。三维内微肋结构能够同时明显地强化热管的沸腾换热与凝结换热，可以有效地减小热管的内热阻。     

60Si2CrVA弹簧钢热处理工艺及性能研究

主要研究了 60Si2 CrVA弹簧钢的热处理工艺与性能的关系 ,通过采用不同加热时间淬火和不同温度下回火实验 ,测定其硬度和机械性指标并观察其金相组织 ,从而找出该钢种最佳热处理工艺以及最佳综合机械性能并得到回火系列金相图谱 .