Fast,Reversible Lithium Storage with a Sulfur/Long‐Chain‐Polysulfide Redox Couple

The cathodic reactions in Li–S batteries can be divided into two steps. Firstly, elemental sulfur is transformed into long‐chain polysulfides (S₈?Li₂S₄), which are highly soluble in the electrolyte. Next, long‐chain polysulfides undergo nucleation reaction and convert into solid‐state Li₂S₂ and Li₂S (Li₂S₄?Li₂S) by slow processes. As a result, the second‐step of the electrochemical reaction hinders the high‐rate application of Li–S batteries. In this report, the kinetics of the sulfur/long‐chain‐polysulfide redox couple (theoretical capacity=419 mA h g^?1) are experimentally demonstrated to be very fast in the Li–S system. A Li–S cell with a blended carbon interlayer retains excellent cycle stability and possesses a high percentage of active material utilization over 250 cycles at high C rates. The meso‐/micropores in the interlayer are responsible for accommodating the shuttling polysulfides and offering sufficient electrolyte accessibility. Therefore, utilizing the sulfur/long‐chain polysulfide redox couple with an efficient interlayer configuration in Li–S batteries may be a promising choice for high‐power applications.     

Highly unsaturated pyranone derivatives from the basidiomycete Junghuhnianitida

Four new highly unsaturated pyranone derivatives A–D (1–4), together with one known compound 5 (−)-nitidon were isolated from cultures of the fungus Junghuhnianitida. Planar structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analyses. Absolute configurations of the new compounds were determined on the basis of biosynthetic considerations and quantum chemistry theory. Compound 1 exhibited almost the same cytotoxic activities as cis-platin.     

Neomacrophorin I,II, and III,novel drimenyl cyclohexanes with hydroxylated butanoates from Trichoderma sp. 1212-03

Neomacrophorins I (1), II (2), and III (3) were isolated from the culture broth of Trichoderma sp. 1212-03, which was collected at Shirakami Mountainous area in Japan. Structural analyses disclosed that these resemble known macrophorins but possess axial-hydroxy group at C3 as well as different side chains at C7′. These are diastereomeric forms of macrophorins for 5′,6′-epoxide functionality. The NMR analyses suggested their relative configurational relationship between the C1–C15 drimene and C1′–C7′ epoxyquinone moieties. ECD spectral discussions verified them particularly for C5′,C6′-epoxyquinone (1), C5′,C6′-epoxysemiquinone (2 and 3), and 2″,3″-dihydroxybutanoate moiety in 1 and 2. The configuration of C3″-stereocenter of 3 was determined by chiral GC–MS after converting into methyl (S)-3″-hydroxybutanoate by basic of 3 methanolysis. Biological assays disclosed that 1 induces hyphal branching of Cochliobolus miyabeanus as well as cytotoxicity against human colorectal cancer COLO 201.     

Conductor‐like screening model for relaxed excited states: Implementation in the semiempirical method MSINDO

Two approaches to treat solvent polarization and reorientation effects for excited states of molecules and surfaces have been implemented in the recently developed MSINDO‐sCIS method (Gadaczek, Krause, Hintze, Bredow, J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2011, 7, 3675). They allow for an efficient calculation of analytical energy gradients and hence open the opportunity to investigate fluorescence effects or photochemical reactions in solution for large molecules that are difficult to treat with high‐level methods. Both approaches are based on the conductor‐like screening model (COSMO) (Klamt and Schüürmann, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1993, 2, 799) in combination with the configuration interaction singles (CIS) method (Foresman, Head‐Gordon, Pople, and Frisch, J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 135). The paper gives a brief outline of the theoretical background. As a first application, solvent shifts of three well‐studied, environment‐sensitive fluorescent dyes (Kucherak, Didier, Mély, and Klymchenko, J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 616) have been calculated and compared with experimental results and standard time‐dependent density functional theory. A statistical evaluation of MSINDO‐COSMO‐sCIS is provided for a set of 39 molecules suggested recently by Jacquemin et al. (Jacquemin, Planchat, Adamo, and Mennucci, J. Chem. Theory Comput. 2012, 8, 2359). Calculated vertical and adiabatic excitation energies and fluorescence energies are compared to experimental data. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

18O/16O-Encoding Strategy for Microscale Stereochemical Determination of Peptidic Natural Products

The demand for more efficient methods of establishing the undetermined stereochemistries of peptidic natural products continues unabated. A new method for microscale stereochemical determination was devised by integrating solid-phase synthesis, split-and-mix randomization, ¹⁸O/¹⁶O-encoding of d /l -configurations, tandem mass spectrometry, and biological evaluation. Here we applied gramicidin A as the molecule for a blind test. Gramicidin A and its 31 diastereomers were randomly prepared in microgram scale with ¹⁸O/¹⁶O-stereochemical encoding and subjected to MS/MS-structural determination and cytotoxicity assay. Only the parent gramicidin A was selected from among the 32 stereoisomers, validating the high reliability of the present strategy.     

大学基础化学教学中的知其所以然*

针对大学本科一年级基础化学如“化学概论”等课程教学中,学生对于不断出现的专业名词及物理化学含义的理解问题,以“焓”“熵”等外来词汇以及角动量l、能级分裂单位“Dq”等缩写为例,从专业名词来源开始讲解,使学生在学习过程中既知其然又知其所以然,更好地理解化学专业词汇,尤其是外来词汇的内涵与物理化学意义。     

硬件在回路仿真平台的ABS测试方法

为了缩短汽车防抱死制动控制系统的开发测试时间,提出了硬件在回路仿真平台的ABS测试方法,在研究车辆动力学模型的基础上,设计了基于FPGA的片上仿真器;结合片上仿真器,提出了电磁阀特性模型,制动系统模型和基于片上仿真器的仿真方法;基于片上仿真器,开发了具有自主知识产权的硬件在回路仿真测试平台,模拟汽车的运行情况,为电控单元(ECU)提供一个模拟的车辆运行的环境,减少实际装车实验的成本;企业试用表明该平台独立于车辆物理系统,适用于多种车型.在此平台上对ABS进行了仿真测试和控制参数匹配,试验证明,该仿真平台可缩短ABS的开发时间.     

环型配网优化规划的遗传算法

直接使用闭环结构约束,采用遗传算法对仅有2个变电站的环型配网进行优化规划.在配网优化规划的同时考虑到了结构上的环状约束和运行上的辐射状约束.首先介绍了环型配电网优化规划中采用的数学模型,然后介绍了遗传算法理论及其在环型配电网中的应用,并使用Visual C 编程语言,设计、开发环型配网优化规划软件.最后通过对一个17节点的试验系统的优化规划,验证了方法的实用性和有效性.     

一类布线问题求解的判别准则和算法

在已有的判决图的基础上,定义了方向性及导出判决图,找到了一个判断布线问题中的1-嵌入问题是否有解的准则和基于此判别准则的算法,并在此基础上进一步研究了禁用构形,找到了1-嵌入问题有解的另一个判别准则.     

Regioselective Short Synthesis of Epiisoborneol Neopentyl Ether as Chiral Auxiliary: An Absolute Configuration Reset

The regio-selective four step synthesis of (1S,2R,3S,4R)-4,7,7-trimethyl-3-(neopentyloxy)bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol, as recognized efficient chiral auxiliary, is presented. The strategy based on opening of the key acetal 15 (=(2S,3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-tert-butyl-4,8,8-trimethylhexahydro-2H-4,7-methano-1,3-benzodioxole) thus circumvents the poor reactivity of the neopentyl electrophile under alkylation conditions. Following the same strategy, but using the unreported acetal 22 (=(2R,3aS,4S,7R,7aR)-2-tert-butyl-4,8,8-trimethylhexahydro-2H-4,7-methano-1,3-benzodioxole), the corresponding unreported bis-endo alcohol 23 (=(1R,2R,3S,4S)-3-(2,2-dimethylpropoxy)-4,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-ol) could be isolated only in poor yield. An alternative regioselective synthesis, including an ultimate endo-reduction remains to be found. Several erroneous chiroptical properties from the literature are corrected.