Emission of Sulphur Dioxide During Thermal Treatment of Fossil Fuels

The dynamics of SO₂ emission during thermooxidation of Estonian oil shale, its semicoke, different samples of coal and their mixtures, as well as the influence of Estonian oil shale ash addition (for modelling the CFBC process) on the dynamics were studied. The experiments were carried out with thermogravimetric equipment under dynamic heating conditions (5 K min^-1) in the atmosphere of dried air, with simultaneous gastitrimetric EGA. It was established that SO₂ emission from the fuels started at 200-320°C. Depending on the form of sulphur (organic, pyritic, sulphate), the emission took place in two or three steps, and continued up to 580-650°C, during which 35-75% of the total sulphur was emitted into the gaseous phase. Regulating the mole ratio of free CaO/S in the mixtures of fuels with oil shale ash addition the emission of SO₂ ceased abruptly at 460-540°C and it was limited to the level of 7-30%. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Sodiation Of Hard Carbon: How Separating Enthalpy And Entropy Contributions Can Find Transitions Hidden In The Voltage Profile

Sodium-ion batteries (NIBs) utilize cheaper materials than lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and can thus be used in larger scale applications. The preferred anode material is hard carbon, because sodium cannot be inserted into graphite. We apply experimental entropy profiling (EP), where the cell temperature is changed under open circuit conditions. EP has been used to characterize LIBs; here, we demonstrate the first application of EP to any NIB material. The voltage versus sodiation fraction curves (voltage profiles) of hard carbon lack clear features, consisting only of a slope and a plateau, making it difficult to clarify the structural features of hard carbon that could optimize cell performance. We find additional features through EP that are masked in the voltage profiles. We fit lattice gas models of hard carbon sodiation to experimental EP and system enthalpy, obtaining: 1. a theoretical maximum capacity, 2. interlayer versus pore filled sodium with state of charge.     

XRD-Studies of SiC/Si layers on carbon substrates

Structural investigations of thin films of SiC, SiC with free silicon and various titanium suicides (TiSi₂, TiSi and Ti₅Si₃) are described. The crystal phases have been identified using X-ray diffractometry. The growth of reaction products from surface reactions between silicon and deposited titanium can be observed.Dedicated to Professor Dr. rer.nat. Dr. h.c. Hubertus Nickel on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

Electron microscopic phase analysis of BN-thin films

A series of BN films was deposited by means of r.f. magnetron sputtering of a h-BN target onto Si(1OO) surfaces. Hereby, the substrate bias voltage was varied. Special interest is focussed to the influence of the deposition parameters on the orientation of the growing hexagonal BN film with respect to the substrate. For structural investigation, cross section samples were prepared. In addition to HRTEM and diffraction investigations, especially electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) was applied successfully for phase identification. For negative bias voltages of U _B =–300 V and U _B =–350V, we found a phase system consisting of a first-grown 25 nm thick layer of hexagonal structure with the c axis parallel to the substrate surface followed by the cubic phase.Dedicated to Professor Dr. rer. nat. Dr. h.c. Hubertus Nickel on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

硬质沥青混合料动态、静态模量的试验研究

采用针入度为10/20的硬质沥青和石灰岩集料制备高模量沥青混合料,同时选择了一种PG76—22的SBS改性沥青,进行性能对比。基于体积法的配合比设计完成后,采用马歇尔稳定度试验、车辙试验、三点弯曲试验、间接拉伸试验来评价硬质沥青混合料的高温性能、低温性能和水稳定性。静态回弹模量与动态复数模量均采用单轴压缩试验来完成,采用不同的加载模式,回弹模量采用7级静态加载,复数模量采用不同频率的正弦波动态加载。深入研究了温度对两种模量的影响。基于反曲函数绘制了动态模量主曲线,同时采用Cole-Cole平面分析硬质沥青混合料的黏弹特征。研究认为,硬质沥青可以制备抗车辙性能优异的高模量沥青混合料,相同温度下,硬质沥青混合料的复数模量均高于SBS改性沥青混合料,但37.8℃以上温度时,硬质沥青混合料的黏性流动比例较大。     

Effects of Polydispersity on the Phase Behavior of Additive Hard Spheres in Solution

The ability to separate enzymes, nucleic acids, cells, and viruses is an important asset in life sciences. This can be realised by using their spontaneous asymmetric partitioning over two macromolecular aqueous phases in equilibrium with one another. Such phases can already form while mixing two different types of macromolecules in water. We investigate the effect of polydispersity of the macromolecules on the two-phase formation. We study theoretically the phase behavior of a model polydisperse system: an asymmetric binary mixture of hard spheres, of which the smaller component is monodisperse and the larger component is polydisperse. The interactions are modelled in terms of the second virial coefficient and are assumed to be additive hard sphere interactions. The polydisperse component is subdivided into sub-components and has an average size ten times the size of the monodisperse component. We calculate the theoretical liquid–liquid phase separation boundary (the binodal), the critical point, and the spinodal. We vary the distribution of the polydisperse component in terms of skewness, modality, polydispersity, and number of sub-components. We compare the phase behavior of the polydisperse mixtures with their concomittant monodisperse mixtures. We find that the largest species in the larger (polydisperse) component causes the largest shift in the position of the phase boundary, critical point, and spinodal compared to the binary monodisperse binary mixtures. The polydisperse component also shows fractionation. The smaller species of the polydisperse component favor the phase enriched in the smaller component. This phase also has a higher-volume fraction compared to the monodisperse mixture.     

带多重选择的最短路问题:复杂性和算法

本文提出了带出重选择的是短路问题,建立了该问题的数学模型,利用背包问题的一个变形问题－带限制选择的背包问题,证明了该问题是ＮＰ－Ｃ的,最后利用动态规则给出了一个伪多项式算法,其时间复杂性Ｏ（Ｃｈｍｎ）,其中ｈ是最大的选择重数。     

有界变量线性规划的基线算法

本文对有界变量线性规划的算法进行了研究，得到了一种解此问题的新算法。文中根据基线算法的算法原理，通过对BL表的旋转，在各变量满足界约束的条件下，使目标函数值不断增大，直至得到有界硬上界，从而得到问题的最优解。文中给出了有界变量线性规划基线算法的计算步骤，并给出了一个例子。与单纯形法相比，采用基线算法解有界变量线性规划操作更简单。迭代次数少，解题速度更快。     

复合载荷下脆性材料紧凑拉伸试件疲劳裂纹的预制

本文针对脆性材料的紧凑拉伸（CT）试件,提出了在复合疲劳载荷作用下预制疲劳裂纹的新方法,用此方法预制出7060-T6铝合金的CT试件疲劳裂纹并测试其断裂韧性。由于采用了框架结构和螺旋结构在CT试件的两侧面施加压缩载荷,在拉伸疲劳载荷作用下产生与之方向相反的压缩疲劳载荷,形成复合疲劳载荷,引起应力强度因子范围ΔK的下降,导致裂纹扩展速率的降低,从而控制了疲劳预制裂纹长度。此压缩疲劳载荷值用贴电阻片方法和组成全桥原理测定出。在一定拉伸疲劳载荷和压缩载荷下,可成功地预制出所需的疲劳裂纹长度。     

基于扩展有限元的页岩水平井多裂缝模拟研究

页岩储层水平井分段多簇压裂簇间距优选是压裂技术的关键,建立了水力压裂流固耦合数学模型,基于扩展有限单元法模拟多条裂缝的扩展过程,研究多条裂缝同时扩展的转向规律,以及应力干扰、水平主应力差、裂缝间距等因素与裂缝转向角度的关系.结果表明:应力干扰作用对裂缝宽度具有限制作用,单条裂缝张开宽度比两条裂缝的大;裂缝转角随应力差的减小而增大,随压裂时间的增加而增大.簇间距越小,应力干扰越强,转角越大,综合主缝均匀扩展、支撑剂填充以及复杂裂缝网络形成等条件,确定最优簇间距为30~40 m.多条裂缝同时扩展时,中间裂缝会受到两边裂缝的限制作用,簇间距越小,限制作用越强,裂缝发育时间越长,扩展速度越慢.