Space-Charge Effects with REXTRAP

The beam quality of radioactive ion beams produced by present target ion source technology is often not sufficient for direct post-acceleration. Furthermore, pulsed beams insure a more efficient use of an accelerator. In the case of REX-ISOLDE, the post accelerator at the CERN ISOLDE facility, a gas-filled Penning trap (REXTRAP) has been chosen for accumulation of the radioactive ions and conversion into cooled bunches. Radial centering of the ions is achieved by applying an rf field with a frequency equal to the cyclotron frequency of the desired ion species. The efficiency achieved in the first tests with different isotopes covering nearly the entire mass range was already >20%. Going to total numbers of >10⁵ stored ions in the trap a shift of the centering frequency could be observed, which is most likely due to space charge effects. Despite this, it was possible to accumulate up to 10⁷ ions and deliver them as cooled bunches. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

引力子三顶点与引力自能的曲率激发

基于微扰展开,计算了联络场三点Green函数及单圈引力子自能对量子Wilson圈的贡献.结果表明,引力子三顶点及引力自能将使Einstein引力获得定域曲率的激发.     

Hamiltonian structure and gauge symmetries of Poincaré gauge theory

This is a review of the constrained dynamical structure of Poincaré gauge theory which concentrates on the basic canonical and gauge properties of the theory, including the identification of constraints, gauge symmetries and conservation laws. As an interesting example of the general approach, we discuss the teleparallel formulation of general relativity.     

单片机在重力加速度测量中的应用

本文介绍用ＤＶＣＣ—５１—ＧＬ单片单板机在重力加速度测量中的基本原理与方法。     

First-Passage and Extreme-Value Statistics of a Particle Subject to a Constant Force Plus a Random Force

We consider a particle which moves on the x axis and is subject to a constant force, such as gravity, plus a random force in the form of Gaussian white noise. We analyze the statistics of first arrival at point x ₁ of a particle which starts at x ₀ with velocity v ₀. The probability that the particle has not yet arrived at x ₁ after a time t, the mean time of first arrival, and the velocity distribution at first arrival are all considered. We also study the statistics of the first return of the particle to its starting point. Finally, we point out that the extreme-value statistics of the particle and the first-passage statistics are closely related, and we derive the distribution of the maximum displacement m=max  _t [x(t)].     

Separation of particles in time-dependent focusing billiards

We consider a family of stadium-like billiards with time-dependent boundaries. Two different cases of time dependence are studied: (i) the fixed boundary approximation and (ii) the exact model which takes into account the motion of the boundary. It is shown that when the billiards possess strong chaotic properties, the sequence of their boundary perturbations is the Fermi acceleration phenomenon which is three times larger than in the case of the fixed boundary approximation. However, weak mixing in such billiards leads to particle separation. Depending on the initial velocity three different things occur: (i) the particle ensemble may accelerate; (ii) the average velocity may stay constant or (iii) it may even decrease.     

Hawking radiation and black hole spectroscopy in Hořava–Lifshitz gravity

Hawking radiation from the black hole in Ho?ava–Lifshitz gravity is discussed by a reformulation of the tunneling method given in Banerjee and Majhi (2009) [17]. Using a density matrix technique the radiation spectrum is derived which is identical to that of a perfect black body. The temperature obtained here is proportional to the surface gravity of the black hole as occurs in usual Einstein gravity. The entropy is also derived by using the first law of black hole thermodynamics. Finally, the spectrum of entropy/area is obtained. The latter result is also discussed from the viewpoint of quasi-normal modes. Both methods lead to an equispaced entropy spectrum, although the value of the spacing is not the same. On the other hand, since the entropy is not proportional to the horizon area of the black hole, the area spectrum is not equidistant, a finding which also holds for the Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet theory.     

Proof of a universal lower bound on the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio

It has been conjectured, on the basis of the gauge-gravity duality, that the ratio of the shear viscosity to the entropy density should be universally bounded from below by 1/4π$1/4\pi$ in units of the Planck constant divided by the Boltzmann constant. Here, we prove the bound for any ghost-free extension of Einstein gravity and the field-theory dual thereof. Our proof is based on the fact that, for such an extension, any gravitational coupling can only increase from its Einstein value. Therefore, since the shear viscosity is a particular gravitational coupling, it is minimal for Einstein gravity. Meanwhile, we show that the entropy density can always be calibrated to its Einstein value. Our general principles are demonstrated for a pair of specific models, one with ghosts and one without.     

Double atmospheric gravity wave frequency oscillations of sporadic E formed in a horizontal shear flow

The new theory of sporadic E density oscillation with double atmospheric gravity wave (AGW) frequency in two-dimensional case taking into account ions ambipolar diffusion is presented. It is found that densities of multi-layered sporadic E, formed under the influence of atmospheric vortical perturbation (with vertical wavelength λz≠0) evolving in the horizontal shear flow (shear wave), can oscillate with up to double Brunt-Väisälä frequency under the action of short-period AGW, in which shear wave is transformed. The formation of multi-layered sporadic E (inside regions with vertical thickness about λz/2) and its density changes in every half AGW period close to ions convergence region occur by combined action of ion-neutral collision and Lorentz forcing and can cause additional accumulation of ions responsible for sporadic E density oscillation with double AGW frequency.     

Electron acceleration using two crossed Bessel beams in vacuum

The direct acceleration of electrons by using two crossed linearly polarized Bessel beams with equal frequency and amplitude in vacuum is studied and compared with the case of single linearly polarized Bessel beam. It is found that two zeroth- and first-order Bessel beams with π-rad phase difference have a nonvanishing longitudinal electric field on the z-axis, which can be maximized under certain conditions and used to accelerate electrons. Two crossed zeroth- and first-order Bessel beams have a larger maximum longitudinal electric field on the z-axis than that of a single first-order Bessel beam, and are suited for laser electron acceleration.