枇杷叶多糖纯化大孔树脂种类筛选的研究

通过静态吸附和解吸的初步试验考察了六种大孔吸附树脂ADS-7、ADS-17、DM-130、D-101、AB-8、X-5对枇杷叶粗多糖的除蛋白和多酚效果,以蛋白和多酚的吸附率及多糖的回收率为考察指标,筛选出最佳的大孔树脂。结果表明:ADS-7大孔树脂从枇杷多糖提取液中吸附较多蛋白和多酚,同时可以采用10%乙醇洗脱回收多糖,95%乙醇洗脱蛋白质和多酚。因此,采用ADS-7大孔吸附树脂可以通过吸附枇杷粗多糖中杂蛋白和多酚去除杂质,有望获得较高的纯化效率和回收率。     

枇杷叶三萜酸的大孔树脂分离纯化工艺

以枇杷叶为研究对象,采用大孔吸附树脂对枇杷叶三萜酸的粗提物进行分离纯化。首先对8种大孔树脂进行筛选,然后考察最佳大孔树脂对枇杷叶三萜酸的静态、动态吸附及脱附性能,得到最佳分离纯化的工艺条件:大孔树脂型号为HZ-816,上样流速2 BV/h(1 BV约为32 m L),上样质量浓度0.6 mg/m L,上样体积470 m L,洗脱液乙醇体积分数95%,洗脱流速2 BV/h,洗脱剂的用量为6 BV,由此得到的三萜酸纯度为92.29%。通过比较研究表明大孔树脂分离法优于碱溶酸沉法。     

Microencapsulation of cinnamon leaf (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and garlic (Allium sativum) oils in β-cyclodextrin

Cinnamon leaf (CLO) and garlic oils (GO) are good antimicrobials, however, their volatility complicates their application as food preservatives. Hence, microencapsulation of CLO and GO with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was studied at 4:96, 8:92, 12:88, and 16:84 (oil:β-CD) percent weight ratios. Microcapsule characterization included gas chromatography analysis, moisture sorption–desorption isotherms, infrared spectroscopy (IR), and antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata. Major oil constituents were eugenol for CLO and allyl disulfide for GO. The 16:84 ratio (CLO:β-CD) showed the highest eugenol content; the allyl disulfide content was higher, but not significantly different (P > 0.05) for the 12:88 and 16:84 ratios. Microcapsules showed lower moisture sorption than β-CD, although during water desorption there were no difference between them. Hydrogen bonds were detected between oil constituents and β-CD by IR spectroscopy. CLO:β-CD and GO:β-CD microcapsules displayed good antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata. Therefore, CLO and GO microcapsules can have important applications in the food industry as stable natural antimicrobial compound systems.     

Isolation and characterization of rl（t）, a gene that controls leaf rolling in rice

Moderate leaf rolling is one of the most important morphological traits in rice breeding for plant ideotype. Previous studies have shown that the rl（t） gene has a high breeding potential for developing hybrid-rice varieties with an ideal ideotype, because it leads to an appropriate leaf rolling index （LRI） of about 30 % in the heterozygous state, and had a positive effect on grain yield. In this study, we isolated rl（t） and performed a preliminary investigation of its function in regulating leaf rolling in rice. DNA sequencing identified a single base change （G to T） in the finely mapped region （11 kb） containing rl（t）, and this is located in 3′-untranslated region （3′-UTR） of the only predicted gene, Roc5 （Rice outermost cell-specific）. The expression level of Roc5 is significantly higher in the rl（t） mutant than in the wild-type. Using RNAi and overexpression analysis, we found that the expression level of Roc5 correlated with LRI and leaf bulliform area, and wasalso associated with leaf abaxial or adaxial rolling. These results confirmed that Roc5 controls leaf rolling in a dosagedependent manner. Bioinformatics analysis revealed a conserved 17-nt sequence （called the GU-rich element） in the 3′-UTR of HD-GL2 （Homeodomain-Glabra2） family genes including Roc5. Based on the model of this element in regulating mRNA stability in mammals, we speculate that the single nucleotide change in this element accounts for the higher expression level of Roc5 in the rl（t） mutant compared to the wild-type, which ultimately leads to adaxial rolling of the leaf. This discovery further enhances our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf rolling in rice.     

Selective recovery of rosmarinic and carnosic acids from rosemary leaves under ultrasound- and microwave-assisted extraction procedures

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) are currently amongst the foremost green techniques for accelerating extraction processes. Several methods for the efficient recovery of the phenolic compounds from rosemary leaves have so far been proposed, but little data are available on the use of UAE and MAE. The aim of this work is to investigate the efficiency and selectivity of these techniques in recovering fractions of specific phenolic compounds from dried rosemary leaves using solvents that are suitable for food applications. UAE has been carried out by means of a probe system equipped with a titanium horn working at 19.5 kHz (140 W). MAE has been performed in a closed multimode reactor under N₂ (20 bar) at 100 °C. All obtained extracts were dissolved in a defined solvent volume and the solutions were directly analyzed using a combination of the HPLC-DAD-MS and TOF techniques. MAE and UAE in ethanol and acetone dramatically increased phenol yield (more than three times) as compared to more traditional solid–liquid extraction processes. In terms of selectivity, remarkably high rosmarinic acid content (6.8% of the dried extract) was obtained in ethanol under ultrasound (US). Even more impressive is the selectivity of UAE in n-hexane which gave the highest carnosic acid content, up to 13% of the dried extract. In conclusion, non-conventional energy sources and, in particular, high-intensity US have proven themselves to be rapid, efficient, and selective techniques for rosemary leaf extraction and provide fractions with high rosmarinic and carnosic acid contents.     

莲(Nelumbo nucifera)叶片结构的光镜和扫描电镜的观察

本文报道了莲的浮叶和立叶两种不同生态型叶的表面特征及解剖结构。莲的气孔器主要分布在上表皮,下表皮的则为零星分布。莲的气孔器类型多,表面结构复杂,有形态相近的六种类型,但孔口普遍呈开放状态。集中在莲鼻位置及散生在叶缘的排水器,其水孔形状与气孔器的孔口极为类似,彼     

三七叶甙制备抗癌活性成分20(R)-人参皂甙-Rh2和人参皂甙Rg3

人参皂甙-Rh2(ginsenoside Rh2)和Rg3是从人参中分离得到的具有抗癌活性的四环三萜类原人参二醇型低糖链皂甙单体。其中,以人参皂甙为主要成分的抗癌新药Rg3参—胶囊已获国家药品监督管理局颁发的中药一类新药证书。皂甙类成分要从植物中分离困难。为了得到某些活性     

Development of Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) Nut Starch Films Containing Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Leaf Essential Oil

There have been many studies on the development biodegradable films using starch isolated from various food sources as a substitute for synthetic plastic packaging films. In this study, starch was extracted from ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) nuts, which were mainly discarded and considered an environment hazard. The prepared starch (GBS) was then used for the preparation of antioxidant films by incorporating various amounts of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) essential oil (CZEO), which provides antioxidant activity. The prepared GBS films with CZEO were characterized by measuring physical, optical, and thermal properties, along with antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP) measurements. With the increasing amount of CZEO, the flexibility and antioxidant activities of the GBS films increased proportionally, whereas the tensile strength of the films decreased. The added CZEO also increased the water vapor permeability of the GBS films, and the microstructure of the GBS films was homogeneous overall. Therefore, the obtained results indicate that the developed GBS films containing CZEO are applicable as antioxidant food packaging.     

Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of Licorice Root and Palm Leaf Waste Incorporated into Poly(urethane-acrylate) (PUA)

A poly(urethane-acrylate) polymer (PUA) was synthesized, and a sufficiently high molecular weight starting from urethane-acrylate oligomer (UAO) was obtained. PUA was then loaded with two types of powdered ligno-cellulosic waste, namely from licorice root and palm leaf, in amounts of 1, 5 and 10%, and the obtained composites were chemically and mechanically characterized. FTIR analysis of final PUA synthesized used for the composite production confirmed the new bonds formed during the polymerization process. The degradation temperatures of the two types of waste used were in line with what observed in most common natural fibers with an onset at 270 °C for licorice waste, and at 290 °C for palm leaf one. The former was more abundant in cellulose (44% vs. 12% lignin), whilst the latter was richer in lignin (30% vs. 26% cellulose). In the composites, only a limited reduction of degradation temperature was observed for palm leaf waste addition and some dispersion issues are observed for licorice root, leading to fluctuating results. Tensile performance of the composites indicates some reduction with respect to the pure polymer in terms of tensile strength, though stabilizing between data with 5 and 10% filler. In contrast, Shore A hardness of both composites slightly increases with higher filler content, while in stiffness-driven applications licorice-based composites showed potential due to an increase up to 50% compared to neat PUA. In general terms, the fracture surfaces tend to become rougher with filler introduction, which indicates the need for optimizing interfacial adhesion.     

环糊精键合凝胶介质分离纯化黄酮类化合物

本文探讨了利用环糊精键合凝胶介质分离纯化葛根素、表没食子儿茶素以及槲皮素、山奈酚和异鼠李素.采用7%醋酸作为流动相,寡聚β环糊精键合Sepharose HP介质,可以从葛根黄酮中分离葛根素,制备得到葛根素的纯度大于97%,整个制备工艺收率为32.4%.该介质同样还能够在甲醇-乙酸乙酯-水-醋酸(30:30:30:10)的条件下分离茶多酚中的表没食子儿茶素.采用β环糊精键合Supersoe12pg介质,甲醇-0.1mol/L醋酸钠(80:20)流动相可以从银杏黄酮水解液中分离3种主要苷元:槲皮素、山奈酚和异鼠李素,且它们的纯度均大于90%.表明该介质具有一定的通用性.以葛根素为例探讨了环糊精键合凝胶介质分离黄酮类化合物的机理,表明氢键作用和疏水作用共同支配着分离过程.