ϕ-Informational Measures: Some Results and Interrelations

In this paper, we focus on extended informational measures based on a convex function ϕ: entropies, extended Fisher information, and generalized moments. Both the generalization of the Fisher information and the moments rely on the definition of an escort distribution linked to the (entropic) functional ϕ. We revisit the usual maximum entropy principle—more precisely its inverse problem, starting from the distribution and constraints, which leads to the introduction of state-dependent ϕ-entropies. Then, we examine interrelations between the extended informational measures and generalize relationships such the Cramér–Rao inequality and the de Bruijn identity in this broader context. In this particular framework, the maximum entropy distributions play a central role. Of course, all the results derived in the paper include the usual ones as special cases.     

Geometric Variational Inference

Efficiently accessing the information contained in non-linear and high dimensional probability distributions remains a core challenge in modern statistics. Traditionally, estimators that go beyond point estimates are either categorized as Variational Inference (VI) or Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) techniques. While MCMC methods that utilize the geometric properties of continuous probability distributions to increase their efficiency have been proposed, VI methods rarely use the geometry. This work aims to fill this gap and proposes geometric Variational Inference (geoVI), a method based on Riemannian geometry and the Fisher information metric. It is used to construct a coordinate transformation that relates the Riemannian manifold associated with the metric to Euclidean space. The distribution, expressed in the coordinate system induced by the transformation, takes a particularly simple form that allows for an accurate variational approximation by a normal distribution. Furthermore, the algorithmic structure allows for an efficient implementation of geoVI which is demonstrated on multiple examples, ranging from low-dimensional illustrative ones to non-linear, hierarchical Bayesian inverse problems in thousands of dimensions.     

Thermal Robustness of Entanglement in a Dissipative Two-Dimensional Spin System in an Inhomogeneous Magnetic Field

Recently new novel magnetic phases were shown to exist in the asymptotic steady states of spin systems coupled to dissipative environments at zero temperature. Tuning the different system parameters led to quantum phase transitions among those states. We study, here, a finite two-dimensional Heisenberg triangular spin lattice coupled to a dissipative Markovian Lindblad environment at finite temperature. We show how applying an inhomogeneous magnetic field to the system at different degrees of anisotropy may significantly affect the spin states, and the entanglement properties and distribution among the spins in the asymptotic steady state of the system. In particular, applying an inhomogeneous field with an inward (growing) gradient toward the central spin is found to considerably enhance the nearest neighbor entanglement and its robustness against the thermal dissipative decay effect in the completely anisotropic (Ising) system, whereas the beyond nearest neighbor ones vanish entirely. The spins of the system in this case reach different steady states depending on their positions in the lattice. However, the inhomogeneity of the field shows no effect on the entanglement in the completely isotropic (XXX) system, which vanishes asymptotically under any system configuration and the spins relax to a separable (disentangled) steady state with all the spins reaching a common spin state. Interestingly, applying the same field to a partially anisotropic (XYZ) system does not just enhance the nearest neighbor entanglements and their thermal robustness but all the long-range ones as well, while the spins relax asymptotically to very distinguished spin states, which is a sign of a critical behavior taking place at this combination of system anisotropy and field inhomogeneity.     

Using the Semantic Information G Measure to Explain and Extend Rate-Distortion Functions and Maximum Entropy Distributions

In the rate-distortion function and the Maximum Entropy (ME) method, Minimum Mutual Information (MMI) distributions and ME distributions are expressed by Bayes-like formulas, including Negative Exponential Functions (NEFs) and partition functions. Why do these non-probability functions exist in Bayes-like formulas? On the other hand, the rate-distortion function has three disadvantages: (1) the distortion function is subjectively defined; (2) the definition of the distortion function between instances and labels is often difficult; (3) it cannot be used for data compression according to the labels’ semantic meanings. The author has proposed using the semantic information G measure with both statistical probability and logical probability before. We can now explain NEFs as truth functions, partition functions as logical probabilities, Bayes-like formulas as semantic Bayes’ formulas, MMI as Semantic Mutual Information (SMI), and ME as extreme ME minus SMI. In overcoming the above disadvantages, this paper sets up the relationship between truth functions and distortion functions, obtains truth functions from samples by machine learning, and constructs constraint conditions with truth functions to extend rate-distortion functions. Two examples are used to help readers understand the MMI iteration and to support the theoretical results. Using truth functions and the semantic information G measure, we can combine machine learning and data compression, including semantic compression. We need further studies to explore general data compression and recovery, according to the semantic meaning.     

Photoelectric cross-sections of light elements and compounds at low photon energies

Total photon mass attenuation coefficients in C, Al, S, Ti, B₂O₃, LiF, ZnO, Y₂O₃ and H₈O₂C₅ (perspex) are measured on a good geometry set-up using proportional counter, Si(Li) and Ge(Li) detecting systems in the energy region from 6.47 to 52.014 keV employing x-rays and gamma rays from radioactive sources. The deduced photoelectric cross-sections are found to agree with the theoretical values of Storm and Israel, Scofield and semiexperimental values of Veigele wherever available within a few percent. The photo-electric cross-sections in elements, S, Ti and Y at their respectiveK-edges obtained by extrapolation technique agree with the theoretical values of Storm and Israel and Scofield at the respectiveK-edges except in S. In the case of S both the theoretical values atK-edges are found to be underestimations, more in the case of Scofield evaluations.     

强聚焦泵浦产生纠缠光子的Hong-Ou-Mandel干涉

(86.6±1.0)Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM)干涉是光子的一种非经典效应,在量子光学中起到重要作用.偏硼酸钡(β-barium borate, BBO)具有较高的非线性效率,常被用来产生双光子态,进而展示HOM干涉.然而,在以前的实验中,人们往往使用带通滤光片对双光子的频谱进行过滤,所得光谱由带通滤光片直接决定,而对BBO晶体自身的原始光谱,特别是泵浦光强聚焦下的原始光谱,缺乏系统性研究.本文对泵浦光强聚焦条件下BBO晶体产生的双光子纠缠态光谱分布和HOM干涉进行了深入研究.理论计算发现,使用50 mm透镜聚焦的情况和无聚焦情况相比,下转换光的光谱宽度会增加7.4倍, HOM干涉条纹的宽度会减少为无聚焦情况的1/8,干涉条纹可见度会从53.0%提高到98.7%.实验上使用II型BBO晶体制备了能量-时间纠缠态,并进行了HOM干涉,获得了%的干涉可见度.干涉可见度极大提高的原因在于强聚焦改善了光谱的对称性.此外,本文提出的不同入射角获得不同光谱分布的技术方案有望在未来应用于高维量子纠缠态的制备.     

FD-21风洞Ma=10高超声速推进试验技术探索

针对Mach数8以上（Ma>8）冲压发动机地面试验能力不足问题,基于FD-21高能脉冲风洞,开展了吸气式推进试验技术探索,提升了FD-21风洞的重活塞驱动能力,获得了总压18.66 MPa、总温3 950 K、Ma=9.62、静压436.6 Pa、速度3 km/s的高焓大动压模拟流场,同时发展了高时间分辨率吸收光谱测量技术和基于重模型自由飞原理的发动机推阻测量方法.在此基础上,设计了弯曲激波压缩二元发动机,构建了燃料在线供应与喷注控制、模型悬挂与瞬态释放及相关测量一体的试验系统,在所建立的Ma=9.62风洞模拟环境中进行了集成验证试验,定量测得了有/无氢气射流与空气/氮气超声速气流作用下二元发动机的壁面压力、吸收光谱峰值吸收率、轴向力等数据,并利用纹影观测到了进气道唇口与燃烧室部位的波系特征.多次试验所得的壁面压力、峰值吸收率、轴向力随时间变化曲线均存在2 ms以上的平台,表明二元发动机建立了准定常流动.冷热态及氮气对照组对应的壁面压力分布、峰值吸收率、轴向力等数据呈现出了明显不同,且二者规律近似一致,一方面说明所建立的模拟流场、燃烧诊断技术、发动机推阻测量技术是有效的,另一方面也表明二元发动机实现了点火燃烧、获得有效热功转换,为后续相关研究奠定了良好的基础.      

离子束辅助淀积低温微光学元件红外宽带增透膜

简要叙述了锗基片微光学元件红外宽带减反膜的设计与制作。着重介绍了离子束辅助淀积制备该膜系的过程，给出了用该方法制作８～１２μｍ波段的减反膜的测试曲线，它具有峰值透过率高，在设计波长范围内的平均透过率大于９７％以上，膜层附着好，可以切割和擦洗，可以在室温和１００Ｋ低温下反复循环使用。     

双短脉冲驱动类镍钐X光激光的模拟

 介绍了模拟产生类镍离子电子碰撞激发X光激光全过程的系列程序。利用它模拟了英国RAL实验室的双短脉冲驱动类镍钐X光激光实验。与实验结果进行了比较。还研究了不同弯曲度的靶及驱动激光功率密度不均匀性对输出激光强度的影响。对驱动激光的脉宽、主脉冲的功率密度以及主脉冲的延迟时间等进行了优化设计。     

多信息输出位移传感器

本文提出一种用于空间自由曲面测量的多信息输出位移传感器.该传感器结构简单,传感器的输出量与被测量成线性关系,不但能给出位移信息、倾斜角度,还能给出测量光的强弱信息.