水稻的起源与驯化——来自基因组学的证据

 水稻是世界上最重要的粮食作物, 约1 万年前开始被驯化。由于水稻与其祖先野生种存在一定的遗传分化, 水稻的起源和驯化问题长期存在争议。本文综述了水稻起源和驯化方面的研究成果, 特别是近年来基因组学方面的证据, 认为水稻2 个亚种独立起源于野生祖先种内很早就分化的不同类群, 但一些驯化基因--控制重要农艺性状的基因, 可能首先在一个亚种中被驯化, 然后通过基因渐渗, 扩散到另一个亚种中。因此, 水稻驯化的关键是研究驯化基因的起源和扩散方式。随着大规模基因组测序技术的发展和相应数据分析方法的建立, 在全基因组水平对水稻及其祖先进行大规模分析, 已成为揭示水稻起源与驯化之谜的必由之路。     

MiRfilter:一个预测病毒microRNA的计算工具

采用生物信息学方法开发了一个预测病毒miRNA的计算机程序MiRfilter,通过提取已知的病毒miRNA的生物学特征,规定参数及参数范围,并以此为筛选标准,预测潜在的病毒miRNA.用EBV和RLCV两种病毒的正负样本对MiRfilter的预测精度进行检测.MiRfilter从39个EBV已知的miRNA中正确识别了30个,从116个负数据中检测到9个假阳性数据;从20个RLCV的miRNA中正确识别了15个,从108个负数据中检测到2个假阳性数据.用取自果蝇和线虫预测区域的186个负数据检测MiRfilter的特异性,在186个负数据中没有预测出假阳性序列.     

木糖发酵重组酿酒酵母研究进展

近年来针对木质纤维素类原料生物转化乙醇的研究引起了广泛关注。乙醇的高产依赖于木质纤维素水解液中六碳糖和五碳糖的共同发酵。但是,传统产乙醇酵母酿酒酵母 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 既不能发酵木糖, 也不能利用该五碳糖生长。因此, 研究人员尝试各种方法构建重组酵母菌以提高木糖发酵能力。作者综述了木糖发酵重组酿酒酵母菌的研究进展,包括天然木糖发酵微生物、木糖代谢途径、S. cerevisiae 的代谢工程、原生质体融合以及基因组改组技术, 同时也对目前研究存在的问题及研究前景进行了讨论。     

Genome Mining and Molecular Networking-Based Metabolomics of the Marine Facultative Aspergillus sp. MEXU 27854

The marine-facultative Aspergillus sp. MEXU 27854, isolated from the Caleta Bay in Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico, has provided an interesting diversity of secondary metabolites, including a series of rare dioxomorpholines, peptides, and butyrolactones. Here, we report on the genomic data, which consists of 11 contigs (N50~3.95 Mb) with a ~30.75 Mb total length of assembly. Genome annotation resulted in the prediction of 10,822 putative genes. Functional annotation was accomplished by BLAST searching protein sequences with different public databases. Of the predicted genes, 75% were assigned gene ontology terms. From the 67 BGCs identified, ~60% belong to the NRPS and NRPS-like classes. Putative BGCs for the dioxomorpholines and other metabolites were predicted by extensive genome mining. In addition, metabolomic molecular networking analysis allowed the annotation of all isolated compounds and revealed the biosynthetic potential of this fungus. This work represents the first report of whole-genome sequencing and annotation from a marine-facultative fungal strain isolated from Mexico.     

基因组寡聚核苷酸频率组分差异的进化信息

 利用不同基因组全序列中寡聚核苷酸频率组分差异信息构建系统树,并与传统方法的建树结果比较,分析以寡聚核苷酸频率组分差异信息构建系统树的可行性及适用范围。在获得194种原核生物基因组全序列寡聚核苷酸频率数据的基础上,依据寡聚核苷酸组分的保守性构建权重矩阵,对寡聚核苷酸组分差异加权,并尝试用绝对值距离、Lance距离、欧氏距离三种方法计算距离矩阵,再用距离法构建系统树。结果显示,该方法对科以下分类单位的建树与传统方法的建树基本一致,而对科以上的分类单位较难区分。首次利用寡聚核苷酸频率保守性进行加权,通过非比对的算法用基因组全序列建树。     

动物线粒体基因组全序列测定的研究策略

动物线粒体基因组全序列测定是近年来生物学研究中的一个热点。科学技术的发展,对动物线粒体基因组全序列测定的研究策略也产生了深远的影响。在此对几种在动物线粒体基因组全序列测定中常用的几种策略进行了综述,并对其优缺点进行了比较分析。     

高等真核生物基因组isochore边界确定中的对称性

高等真核生物基因组的isochore结构与许多重要的生物学特征相关,而对其边界的确定则是isochore结构分析的重点,同时也是难点.针对基于Z曲线的累积GC轮廓图法、基于Shannon熵的递归分段算法以及基于二次散度的分段算法三种典型的应用,分析出其分段依据本质上是对于基因组序列求取碱基对换对称性的对称中心.基于此结...     

A proteome-wide analysis of domain architectures of prokaryotic single-spanning transmembrane proteins

We performed a proteome-wide survey of the domain architectures in single-spanning transmembrane (TM) proteins (single-spannings) from 87 sequenced prokaryotic (Bacterial and Archaean) genomes by assigning Pfam domains to their N-tail and C-tail loops. Out of 14,625 single-spannings, 3,516 sequences have at least one domain assigned, and no domains were assigned to 7,850, with the remaining 3,259 with less reliable assignment. In the domain-assigned sequences, 3116 sequences are with at most two domains, and the other 400 sequences with more than two. The assigned domains distribute over 651 Pfam families, which account for 11.4% of the total Pfam-A families. Among the 651 families are mostly soluble-protein-originated ones, but only 21 families are unique to TM proteins. The occurrence frequency of the individual domain families follows a power-law, that is, 264 families occur only once, 106 just twice, and the families appeared more than 30 times are counted by only 39. It is found that the great majority of the sequences having one or two domains are of the type II topology with the C-tail loop containing domains on it. On the contrary, the N-tail loop of the same type topology seldom carries domains. Importantly, the assigned domains are always found on the tail loops longer than 60 residues, even for the small domains with less than 30 residues. There are still as many as 5,800 sequences without assigned domains in spite of having at least one long tail, on which no less than 1,000 novel domain families are expected most likely to lie concealed unknown yet. We also investigated the domain arrangement preference and the domain family combination patterns in 'singlets' (single-spannings with one assigned domain) and 'doublets' (with two domains).     

Discovery and demonstration of small circular DNA molecules derived from Chinese tomato yellow leaf curl virus

Tomato yetlow leaf curl viruses betong to Begomoviruses of geminiviruses. In this work, we first found and demonstrated that the small circular DNA molecules were derived from Chinese tomato yetlow leaf curl viruses (TYLCV-CHI). These small circular DNA molecules are about 1,3 kb, which are half the full-length of TYLCV-CHI DNA A. It was shown by sequence determination and analysis that there was unknown-origin sequence insertion in the middle of the small molecules. These sequences of unknown-origin were neither homologous to DNA A nor to DNA B, and were formed by recombination of virus DNA and plant DNA. Although various defective molecules contained different unknown-origin sequence insertion, all the molecules contained the intergenic region and part of the AC1 (Rep) gene. But they did not contain full ORF.     

蓝舌病毒HbC3株S7基因5’非编码区序列分析

根据已发表的蓝舌病毒(bluetongue virus．BTV)10型标准株S7基因设计合成一对与其5'-NCR(noncoding region)序列同源的引物．经反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增出HbC3株和10型标准株长度分别为277bp和290bp的S7基因5’非编码区cDNA片段．以建立起dsRNA体外扩增系统．将扩增的BTV-HbC3毒株的S7基因5’非编码区片段通过粘端连接克隆到pUCm-T载体中．用PCR技术和限制性内切酶分析鉴定，表明获得重组质粒pUCm-T-BTV-HbC3-S7．通过核苷酸序列分析方法分别将2个毒株的S7基因5’非编码区与呼肠孤病毒-3(reovirus-3)型比对。发现BTV-HbC3株与呼肠孤病毒-3 L2基因5’非编码区基因具有完全的同源性．将BTV-HbC3毒株接种在不同细胞系如猴肾传代细胞(Vero)、人肝癌细胞(Hep-3B)和小鼠成纤维细胞(L929)等细胞株上，比较BTV-HbC3在不同种系细胞上的增殖特征，并且用双向免疫扩散试验证实BTV-HbC3和BTV-10型之间的血清学关系．结合本实验室的研究结果提示BTV-HbC3株可能是蓝舌病毒的一个新的基因型．