Controlling Photons in a Box and Exploring the Quantum to Classical Boundary (Nobel Lecture)

Microwave photons trapped in a superconducting cavity constitute an ideal system to realize some of the thought experiments imagined by the founding fathers of quantum physics. The interaction of these trapped photons with Rydberg atoms crossing the cavity illustrates fundamental aspects of measurement theory. The experiments performed with this “photon box” at Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) belong to the domain of quantum optics called “Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics”. We have realized the non‐destructive counting of photons, the recording of field quantum jumps, the preparation and reconstruction of “Schrödinger cat” states of radiation and the study of their decoherence, which provides a striking illustration of the transition from the quantum to the classical world. These experiments have also led to the demonstration of basic steps in quantum information processing, including the deterministic entanglement of atoms and the realization of quantum gates using atoms and photons as quantum bits. This lecture starts by an introduction stressing the connection between the ENS photon box and the ion trap experiments of David Wineland, whose accompanying lecture recalls his own contribution to the field of single particle control. I give then a personal account of the early days of Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics before describing the main experiments performed at ENS during the last twenty years and concluding by a discussion comparing our work to other researches dealing with the control of single quantum particles.     

《新编高聚物的结构与性能》编写心得——(1)教材乃教学之本

教材乃教学之本,一本好的教材会影响好几代学生。本文以《新编高聚物的结构与性能》的编写为例,提出教材编写要建立在深入、持久的教学研究基础上,写专业课教材一定要有自己的科研工作,教材撰写者应尽量反映本国学者科研成果,编写教材要有不怕慢、只怕停的坚韧性等四个原则。此外,还探讨了教材编写中存在的问题。     

A fast parallel clustering algorithm for molecular simulation trajectories

We implemented a GPU‐powered parallel k‐centers algorithm to perform clustering on the conformations of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The algorithm is up to two orders of magnitude faster than the CPU implementation. We tested our algorithm on four protein MD simulation datasets ranging from the small Alanine Dipeptide to a 370‐residue Maltose Binding Protein (MBP). It is capable of grouping 250,000 conformations of the MBP into 4000 clusters within 40 seconds. To achieve this, we effectively parallelized the code on the GPU and utilize the triangle inequality of metric spaces. Furthermore, the algorithm's running time is linear with respect to the number of cluster centers. In addition, we found the triangle inequality to be less effective in higher dimensions and provide a mathematical rationale. Finally, using Alanine Dipeptide as an example, we show a strong correlation between cluster populations resulting from the k‐centers algorithm and the underlying density. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Switching adaptive controllers to control fractional‐order complex systems with unknown structure and input nonlinearities

This article investigates the chaos control problem for the fractional‐order chaotic systems containing unknown structure and input nonlinearities. Two types of nonlinearity in the control input are considered. In the first case, a general continuous nonlinearity input is supposed in the controller, and in the second case, the unknown dead‐zone input is included. In each case, a proper switching adaptive controller is introduced to stabilize the fractional‐order chaotic system in the presence of unknown parameters and uncertainties. The control methods are designed based on the boundedness property of the chaotic system's states, where, in the proposed methods the nonlinear/linear dynamic terms of the fractional‐order chaotic systems are assumed to be fully unknown. The analytical results of the mentioned techniques are proved by the stability analysis theorem of fractional‐order systems and the adaptive control method. In addition, as an application of the proposed methods, single input adaptive controllers are adopted for control of a class of three‐dimensional nonlinear fractional‐order chaotic systems. And finally, some numerical examples illustrate the correctness of the analytical results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 211–223, 2015     

类stober法可控制备单分散TiO2纳米微球

采用类Stober法,以钛酸正丁酯为钛源,反应温度为130℃,可控制备粒径尺寸均一的单分散TiO_2纳米微球.通过调节反应时间、溶液的pH值,单分散TiO_2纳米微球的直径可以在几十到一千纳米范围内被精确调控.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)仪对所制备的TiO_2纳米微球进行了表征.结果显示样品为无定形结构,可通过进一步的水热晶化提高样品的结晶度.此单分散TiO_2纳米微球有望在光催化机理研究、太阳能敏化电池、光子晶体等方面具有很好的应用.     

两类图完美匹配的计数公式

利用划分、求和、再递推的方法给出图2-nRO_8和图2-F_(2n+1,4)完美匹配数目的计算公式.进一步,用所给的方法可计算出许多图类的所有完美匹配的数目.     

大学基础化学教学中的知其所以然*

针对大学本科一年级基础化学如“化学概论”等课程教学中,学生对于不断出现的专业名词及物理化学含义的理解问题,以“焓”“熵”等外来词汇以及角动量l、能级分裂单位“Dq”等缩写为例,从专业名词来源开始讲解,使学生在学习过程中既知其然又知其所以然,更好地理解化学专业词汇,尤其是外来词汇的内涵与物理化学意义。     

双端热透镜Z型固体激光腔图解分析

采用传播圆图解方法研究了具有双端热透镜的Z型折叠固体激光腔的工作特性,得到了谐振腔各腔臂中的光模参数bt1,bt2,b2及光斑尺寸wt1,wt2,w2随激光介质的热动力参数1/ft1及1/ft2的变化关系;结果表明通过合理选择参数可对腔的热稳定范围及基模光斑尺进行调控,其关键参数是对称的第1、3臂的长度l01 f1(或l02 f2),其值越小,腔的热稳定区越宽,同时激光晶体处的基模光斑越小.第2臂中的参数δ对热稳区宽度没有明显影响,但δ值越大,对应的光斑半径wt1及wt2也越大.