可生物降解的pH敏感水凝胶的合成及其溶胀性能研究

采用明胶和聚乙烯醇为原料,制备了戊二醛交联、明胶／聚乙烯醇配比不同的水凝胶,并用FTIR和SEM对产物进行了表征。研究了凝胶的溶胀动力学,结果表明,原料配比对各种凝胶的溶胀速率影响不大,而对平衡溶胀比与原料配比有关,室温下凝胶的平衡溶胀比在300％～500％之间。pH敏感性研究表明,几种凝胶均表现出明显的pH响应性,当溶胀介质的pH值在明胶等电点附近时,水凝胶的溶胀比达到最小值,凝胶的溶胀-消溶胀动力学曲线呈“W”形,即该凝胶具有形状记忆功能。     

环境监测分析中校准曲线可靠性和检验方法的探讨

介绍了环境监测分析中校准曲线的分类、拟合方法和应用范围,提出了对拟合校准曲线进行可靠性检验的设想和建议的经验指标。如相对剩余标准差、截距、斜率检验、失拟方差检验等,这些方法在实际监测分析中具有一应用价值。     

鱼明胶介质中AgBr/I纳米粒子的生长与感光性能

本文以鱼明胶为分散介质,采用双注法制备AgBr/I纳米粒子乳剂,控制银盐与卤溶液的注入速率(R),以TEM观测了粒子的生长,据此探讨了该乳剂中AgBr/I纳米粒子平均粒径(d)及分布(±σ)与反应条件的关系.发现在R为1.3 mmol/min^-8 mmol/min范围内,随R增大,d减小,R-d间呈良好的线性关系.除个别外,±σ值变化不明显.对于该纳米粒子乳剂采用二氧化硫脲进行化学敏化,结果表明:适当增加二氧化硫脲的加入量和延长敏化时间,均可有效提高乳剂的感光度,并有助于改善其低照度互易律失效,此外还揭示了曝光光源色温对该乳剂感光性能的影响.     

A Novel Amperometric Biosensor for Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide Based on Nafion and Polythionine as Well as Gold Nanoparticles and Gelatin as Matrixes

Abstract

A new biosensor for the amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide was developed by means of immobilized horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on a platinum disk based on gold nanoparticles, nafion, polythionine (PTn), and gelatin as matrixes. The mediator (PTn) was embedded in nafion film effectively without leaching even after long periods of operation, the immobilization of the enzyme comes from the cooperative binding by the Au nanoparticles and gelatin. The fabrication procedure of the biosensor was characterized by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The electrochemical characteristics of the enzyme electrode with respect to the effect of pH, temperature, and the operational and storage stabilities were studied. The test demonstrated that the biosensors show high stability, fast response (<20 s), and a working range 0.05 to 30.6 mM (correlation coefficient: 0.9986), a detection limit of 0.02 mM to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The analytical results by this approach were in satisfactory agreement with those by conventional methods of titration.     

UV-Derivative Spectrophotometric Determination of Ritonavir Capsules and Comparison with LC Method

Abstract

An ultraviolet-derivative spectrophotometric method (UV-D) has been proposed as an alternative to a previously described liquid chromatographic (LC) method for the quantitative determination of ritonavir in soft gelatin capsules. The spectrophotometric method is based on recording the second-derivative spectra for ritonavir at 222.3 nm of its solutions in methanol. The linear dynamic range was 10.0–30.0 µg · mL^?1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.9995. Mean recoveries were between 99.2% and 100.2% for the tested capsules samples. Mean intra- and interassay relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 2.0%. The statistic analysis showed that LC and UV-D methods were equivalent to assay ritonavir capsules.     

New antimalarial drugs

Approximately 40% of the world population live in areas with the risk of malaria. Each year, 300-500 million people suffer from acute malaria, and 0.5-2.5 million die from the disease. Although malaria has been widely eradicated in many parts of the world, the global number of cases continues to rise. The most important reason for this alarming situation is the rapid spread of malaria parasites that are resistant to antimalarial drugs, especially chloroquine, which is by far the most frequently used. The development of new antimalarial drugs has been neglected since the 1970s owing to the end colonialism, changes in the areas of military engagement, and the restricted market potential. Only in recent years, in part supported by public funding programs, has interest in the development of antimalarial drugs been renewed. New data available from the recently sequenced genome of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and the application of methods of modern drug design promise to bring significant development in the fight against this disease.     

微波消解-ICP-MS法测定药用明胶空心胶囊中微量重金属元素

采用微波消解技术,建立了一种电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定明胶空心胶囊中Cr,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,As,Cd,Hg和Pb 9种微量重金属元素的方法。确定了微波消解仪和等离子体质谱仪的最佳操作参数,研究共存离子的干扰和消除方法,选择了各元素的测定同位素,以Ge,Rh和Tl为内标补偿基体效应,建立了样品测定方法。应用拟定的方法测定了不同生产厂家、不同批次的空心胶囊中微量重金属的含量。方法对试样中各元素测定的相对标准偏差为1.5%~14.1%,加标回收率在90.0%~102.0%。结果表明,方法简便、快速、灵敏,满足于空心胶囊中9种重金属元素的测定要求。     

Injectable,Interconnected, High‐Porosity Macroporous Biocompatible Gelatin Scaffolds Made by Surfactant‐Free Emulsion Templating

High‐porosity interconnected, thermoresponsive macroporous hydrogels are prepared from oil‐in‐water high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) stabilized by gelatin‐graft‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide). PolyHIPEs are obtained by gelling HIPEs utilizing the thermoresponsiveness of the copolymer components. PolyHIPEs properties can be controlled by varying the aqueous phase composition, internal phase volume ratio, and gelation temperature. PolyHIPEs respond to temperature changes experienced during cell seeding, allowing fibroblasts to spread, proliferate, and penetrate into the scaffold. Encapsulated cells survive ejection of cell‐laden hydrogels through a hypodermic needle. This system provides a new strategy for the fabrication of safe injectable biocompatible tissue engineering scaffolds.

     

Phase Diagram of Gelatin Plasticized by Water and Glycerol

Summary: Gelatin is widely used in capsules manufacturing. Most of the capsules in pharmaceutical applications are hard capsules made out of concentrated solutions of gelatin, where water has been progressively removed during the drying process. More recently soft capsules found an increasing interest in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications where they are filled and sealed with a liquid substance. In order to keep the shells of capsules flexible after drying at room temperature, plasticizer is added to the gelatin aqueous solutions. We present in this paper a systematic investigation of gelatin films, equilibrated under a range of relative humidity (RH). The films contain glycerol as plasticizer P or only water and gelatin, (G). In order to analyze the role of the plasticizer, we fixed various P/G ratios and measured the water retention versus RH. Films were characterized by DSC (Mettler Toledo DSC823). Glass transition temperature T_g, melting temperature T_m and enthalpy associated with helix-coil transition were determined. The role of water and glycerol was examined in relation with the large variations of these transition temperatures with film composition. Non equilibrium effects are also discussed, in particular concerning the glass transition temperature, the relaxation effects and the water repartition between amorphous coils and helical structure. In conclusion, we propose a unique phase diagram of the gelatin films with any proportion of water and glycerol.     

Evaluation of a novel nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite powder and a solid hydroxyapatite/Chitosan-Gelatin bioceramic for scaffold preparation used as a bone substitute material

Artificially fabricated hydroxyapatite (HAP) shows excellent biocompatibility with various kinds of cells and tissues which makes it an ideal candidate for a bone substitute material. In this study, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have been prepared by using the wet chemical precipitation method using calcium nitrate tetra-hydrate [Ca(NO₃)₂.4H₂O] and di-ammonium hydrogen phosphate [(NH₄)₂ HPO₄] as precursors. The composite scaffolds have been prepared by a freeze-drying method with hydroxyapatite, chitosan, and gelatin which form a 3D network of interconnected pores. Glutaraldehyde solution has been used in the scaffolds to crosslink the amino groups (|NH₂) of gelatin with the aldehyde groups (|CHO) of chitosan. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) performed on different scaffolds indicates that the incorporation of a certain amount of hydroxyapatite has no influence on the chitosan/gelatin network and at the same time, the organic matrix does not affect the crystallinity of hydroxyapatite. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images show the needle-like crystal structure of hydroxyapatite nanoparticle. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis shows an interconnected porous network in the scaffold where HAP nanoparticles are found to be dispersed in the biopolymer matrix. Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms the presence of hydroxyl group (OH^-) , phosphate group (PO^3-₄) , carbonate group (CO^2-₃) , imine group (C=N), etc. TGA reveals the thermal stability of the scaffolds. The cytotoxicity of the scaffolds is examined qualitatively by VERO (animal cell) cell and quantitatively by MTTassay. The MTT-assay suggests keeping the weight percentage of glutaraldehyde solution lower than 0.2%. The result found from this study demonstrated that a proper bone replacing scaffold can be made up by controlling the amount of hydroxyapatite, gelatin, and chitosan which will be biocompatible, biodegradable, and biofriendly for any living organism.