半导体表面气体分子吸附机理的光伏研究

通过对p型和n型的同一硅单晶样品分别置于大气、氧气、氮气的不同氛围中所进行的各有关表面参量的光伏测算，分析了同一样品处于不同氛围中，以及不同导电类型的样品处于同一氛围中的测算结果的变化规律，探讨了出现这一规律的内在机理，解释了各有关的物理现象. 关键词： 半导体表面 气体分子 吸附机理 光伏方法     

武汉市空气污染物长期变化规律研究

搜集了武汉市2006年~2013年8a间的PM10和气态污染物(包括SO2、NO2、NO、CO和O3)质量浓度监测数据.利用基于Loess的季节趋势分解和窗口滑动平均等时间序列分析方法提取了各种监测指标的长期趋势、季节变化和周变化规律.结果表明,武汉市PM10历经了6a的缓慢下降后于2012年后开始急剧上升,SO2出现明显的下降趋势,其他污染物在2013年之前呈现出小幅上升或基本稳定的趋势,2013年有明显上升;季节规律方面,PM10、SO2、NOX和CO都表现出冬季高夏季低的变化特征,O3则呈现相反的变化特征,另外每年4月PM10会出现一个小高峰现象;PM10表现出明显的周变化规律,呈现出以周三为谷值周六为峰值的周期性变化,而其他气态污染物基本没有明显的周变化规律.     

Nano-crater formation on a Si(1 1 1)-(7 × 7) surface by slow highly charged ion-impact

Using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF/SIMS), we observed radiation effects on a Si(1 1 1)-(7 × 7) surface in the collision of a single highly charged ion (HCI) with a charge state q up to q = 50. The STM observation with atomic resolution revealed that a nanometer sized crater-like structure was created by a single HCI impact, where the size increased rapidly with q. The secondary ion yields also increased with q in which multiply charged Si ions (Siⁿ⁺) were clearly observed in higher q HCI-collisions. The sputtering mechanism is briefly discussed, based on the so-called Coulomb explosion model.     

New Interfaces and Approaches to Machine Learning When Classifying Gestures within Music

Interactive music uses wearable sensors (i.e., gestural interfaces—GIs) and biometric datasets to reinvent traditional human–computer interaction and enhance music composition. In recent years, machine learning (ML) has been important for the artform. This is because ML helps process complex biometric datasets from GIs when predicting musical actions (termed performance gestures). ML allows musicians to create novel interactions with digital media. Wekinator is a popular ML software amongst artists, allowing users to train models through demonstration. It is built on the Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA) framework, which is used to build supervised predictive models. Previous research has used biometric data from GIs to train specific ML models. However, previous research does not inform optimum ML model choice, within music, or compare model performance. Wekinator offers several ML models. Thus, we used Wekinator and the Myo armband GI and study three performance gestures for piano practice to solve this problem. Using these, we trained all models in Wekinator and investigated their accuracy, how gesture representation affects model accuracy and if optimisation can arise. Results show that neural networks are the strongest continuous classifiers, mapping behaviour differs amongst continuous models, optimisation can occur and gesture representation disparately affects model mapping behaviour; impacting music practice.     

Determination of PASHs by various analytical techniques based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: application to a biodesulfurization process

Polycyclic aromatic sulphur heterocyclic (PASH) compounds, such as dibenzothiophene (DBT) and alkylated derivatives are used as model compounds in biodesulfurization processes. The development of these processes is focused on the reduction of the concentration of sulphur in gasoline and gas–oil [D.J. Monticello, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 11 (2000) 540], in order to meet European Union and United States directives.

The evaluation of biodesulfurization processes requires the development of adequate analytical techniques, allowing the identification of any transformation products generated. The identification of intermediates and final products permits the evaluation of the degradation process.

In this work, seven sulfurated compounds and one non-sulfurated compound have been selected to develop an extraction method and to compare the sensitivity and identification capabilities of three different gas chromatography ionization modes. The selected compounds are: dibenzothiophene (DBT), 4-methyl-dibenzothiophene (4-m-DBT), 4,6-dimethyl-dibenzothiophene (4,6-dm-DBT) and 4,6 diethyl-dibenzothiophene (4,6 de-DBT), all of which can be used as model compounds in biodesulfurization processes; as well as dibenzothiophene sulfoxide (DBTO₂), dibenzothiophene sulfone (DBTO) and 2-(2-hydroxybiphenyl)-benzenesulfinate (HBPS), which are intermediate products in biodesulfurization processes of DBT [ A. Alcon, V.E. Santos, A.B. Martín, P. Yustos, F. García-Ochoa, Biochem. Eng. J. 26 (2005) 168]. Furthermore, a non-sulfurated compound, 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2-HBP), has also been selected as it is the final product in the biodesulfurization process of DBT [A. Alcon, V.E. Santos, A.B. Martín, P. Yustos, F. García-Ochoa. Biochem. Eng. J. 26 (2005) 168].

Since, typically, biodesulfurization reactions take place in a biphasic medium, two extraction methods have been developed: a liquid–liquid extraction method for the watery phase and a solid phase extraction method for the organic phase. Recoveries of the selected compound in both media were studied. They were in the range of 80–100% for the watery and in the range of 40–60% for the organic phase, respectively.

Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been employed for the identification of these selected compounds. Three different ionization modes were applied: conventional electron impact (EI); positive chemical ionization (PCI), using methane as the reagent gas; and a recently developed ionization mode known as hybrid chemical ionization (HCI), using perfluorotri-n-butylamine as the reagent gas. Limits of detection and identification capabilities have been compared between the three analytical techniques.

The sensitivity of the three analytical techniques was studied and LOD between 0.05 and 1, between 0.09 and 2 and between 0.001 and 0.043 were achieved for PCI, EI and HCI, respectively.

The developed method was applied in samples from a biodesulfurization process. The biodesulfurization reactions were conducted in resting cell operation mode, using Erlenmeyer flasks or an agitated tank bioreactor. The microorganism employed was Pseudomonas putida CECT 5279. The reaction was performed under controlled air flow, stirring and temperature conditions.     

高电荷态离子207Pbq+(24≤q≤36)与Si(110)固体表面作用的电子发射研究

报道了利用兰州重离子加速器国家实验室ECR源引出的高电荷态离子²⁰⁷Pb^q+(24≤q≤36)入射到Si(110)表面产生的电子发射的实验测量结果.结果表明,高电荷态离子与固体表面相互作用产生的电子发射产额Y与入射离子的电荷态q、入射角度ψ和入射能量E都有很强的关联.首次发现,电子发射产额Y与入射角度ψ间有接近1/tanψ的关系.理论分析认为,这些过程与基于经典过垒模型的势能电子发射过程密切相关. 关键词： 高电荷态离子 经典过垒模型 电子发射产额     

激光拉曼光谱法分析乙烯裂解气

研究建立了乙烯裂解气中6种主要组分H_2,CH_4,C_2H_4,C_2H_6,C_3H_6,C_3H_8的混合气体激光拉曼(Raman)分析法,可将分析时间缩短至约2 min,且无载气、色谱柱等消耗,在加快分析反馈的同时大大降低了仪器维护及使用费用。该方法采用指纹峰浓度曲线,通过筛选计量峰、扣除信号大于3倍信噪比(3 S/N)交叉干扰的修正方式,实现了混合气中6种目标组分的定量分析。在混合气体定量分析中,Raman分析法对H_2,C_2H_4,C_3H_6,C_3H_8的定量分析具有较好的测量精度,均小于2%;但对CH_4及C_2H_6的测量精度有待提高,表明所建立的Raman分析法需进一步优化完善。     

气相爆轰波在90矩形弯管中传播时胞格结构的演化

利用烟迹技术实验获得气相爆轰波在90矩形弯管中传播时留下的胞格图案，详细分析了胞格结构在矩形弯管中的演化规律。同时分析了90矩形弯管的曲率半径和预混气体初始压力对胞格结构演化的影响。实验所采用的预混气体初始压力为33.3、26.7、24.0、16.0、10.7 kPa，90矩形弯管的曲率半径分别为100、50 mm。研究爆轰波胞格结构在弯管中的演化过程有助于深入了解气相爆轰波绕射机理和石油天然气等管道设计。     

高电荷态离子40Arq+与Si表面作用中的电子发射产额

报道了在兰州重离子加速器国家实验室电子回旋共振离子源原子物理实验平台上，用高电荷态⁴⁰Ar^q+(1≤q≤12)离子作用于半导体Si固体表面时的电子发射产额实验测量.实验中，通过改变炮弹离子的电荷态和引出电压选取其不同的势能和动能，系统地研究了入射离子势能沉积和与其在固体中的电子能损对表面电子发射产额的贡献.结果表明，作为引起表面电子发射的两个主要因素，单离子的电子发射产额与炮弹离子在固体表面的势能沉积和电子能损都有近似的正比关系.     

气体自由膨胀的演示、模拟和熵增加原理

本文通过气体自由膨胀的演示、模拟，推知一切自然过程总是沿着无序性增大，即熵增大的方向进行，解释了热力学第二定律的微观意义。