气粒混合物非灰辐射特性合并宽窄谱带K分布模型

气粒混合物辐射问题具有全场性、非灰性、耦合性等特点,准确预估高温燃气/粒子非灰辐射特性是非常重要的。本文将合并宽窄谱带K分布模础(CWNBCK)与离散坐标法(DOM)结合,开展了非灰气粒混合物辐射换热问题的模拟工作,分别验证了一维和三维情况下应用该模型的准确性,给出不同工况下的热流源项、壁面热流或辐射热流等。结果表明:该模型能够给出与SNB模型精度基本相同的结果,考虑其计算效率的提高,可以在工程实际中应用该模型计算非灰气粒混合物辐射换热。     

A model of melting of rare gases within bubbles of crystalline metal matrix

Abstract

On the basis of experimental results obtained in the present and some other works a model of melting of rare gas solids within bubbles formed in a crystalline metal matrix as a result of ion implantation is proposed. Rare gas solid is supposed to melt on heating at the expense of the bubble volume expansion by emission of a dislocation loop. On this basis the melting temperature can be estimated as one which is enough to provide for a pressure inside a bubble sufficient for the initiation of the dislocation loop punching. Values of melting temperatures obtained in this way are in good agreement with available experimental data.     

Book reviews

This work is a thorough investigation on the major operating parameters of the programmable temperature vaporisation (PTV) inlet used for gas chromatographic injection, including injection mode and volume, inlet temperature, vent and purge flow rates. The results clearly demonstrate the advantage of large volume injection in enhancing the detection of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Partial loss of injected PBDEs occurred during solvent venting and due to incomplete sample transfer. Such loss was minimised by lowering the initial inlet temperature and vent flow and elevating the final inlet temperature. The results show that 50 mL/min vent flow, as low as 0°C initial and higher than 300°C final inlet temperatures produced the relatively high responses. Two mass spectrometric parameters were also evaluated. Indoor dust, lake sediment and human placenta tissue samples were analysed to demonstrate reliability and sensitivity improvement of the PTV large volume injection.     

Analysis of PCBs in Biotic Matrices by Two-Dimensional GC-ECD

Abstract

The suitability of three GC-ECD systems for the separation of a model mixture containing various congeners of PCBs together with persistent chlorinated aromatics (pesticides and their metabolites, industrial chemicals) was tested. Analyses were performed on two parallel capillaries, the stationary phase of one of them was always in routine practice very common 5% phenyl-methylpolysiloxane, the second one was either 50% phenylmethylpolysiloxane or 7% phenyl-7% cyanopropyl-methylpolysiloxane. The number of unresolved (coeluted) analytes was significantly reduced in these systems and thus unbiased quantitation of PCBs and other components used for regulation was possible. The utilization of this type of multidimensional chromatography for rapid and reliable analysis of real samples (fish oil, human fat) was documented.     

石膏喷注机在处理矿井火灾事故中运用的探讨

主要介绍了矿山救护队使用石膏喷注机在处理矿井火灾事故过程中的重要作用,探讨在使用石膏喷注机向火区灌注石膏过程中要注意预防水煤气爆炸的发生。     

基于系统论事故分析模型的油气智慧管道系统信息物理风险辨识

为了辨识油气智慧管道系统中存在的信息安全风险,本文通过基于系统论事故分析模型(systems-theoretic accident modeling and process)的方法,对油气智慧管道系统的信息物理安全进行全面评估与分析。首先,系统综合分析了油气智慧管道涉及的设备、设施、工艺、元件,评估其安全性。其次,通过建立STAMP模型,深入分析了各层级、元件之间的反馈信息与控制动作,形成了明确的控制反馈回路,突显了元件之间的关联与控制关系。在此基础上,系统辨识出了潜在的信息风险因素,推导并构建了可能发生的系统失效场景。以天然气输气首站油气智慧管道系统为例,研究验证了基于STAMP模型的可行性和有效性。结果显示,该方法不仅直观地描述了元件之间的关联与控制关系,而且从物理层功能安全的角度全面考虑了信息风险,特别凸显了控制元件PCS(process control systems)及易受攻击的操作员站。与传统方法相比,本研究所提出的方法将信息物理安全风险因素的识别率提升至80%以上,提高了40%以上,有助于避免不必要的安全措施冗余设计,提高了安全风险管控的准确性。     

羌塘盆地塞仁地区古油藏地球化学特征及意义

【研究目的】羌塘盆地是青藏高原北部的大型海相含油气盆地,研究区塞仁地区位于南羌塘坳陷,该区油气地球化学研究成果较少、研究程度较低。【研究方法】本文对古油藏含油层样品的族组成、及甾萜烷等地球化学特征进行总结,并结合多种生标参数得出结论。【研究结果】该地区古油藏整体处于低成熟-成熟阶段,C27甾烷较C29甾烷占优势,并且三环萜烷类化合物以C23三环萜烷为主峰,也表明母质来源以海相有机质为主,并有一定的陆源有机质贡献。油藏样品具有较低的姥植比(Pr/Ph<1),非藿烷中检测出一定丰度的伽马蜡烷以及较高的C35/C34升藿烷值特征,这些参数指示古油藏形成于沉积水体较深、还原性相对较强并具有一定盐度的沉积环境。【结论】该地区古油藏地球化学特征分析为油气成藏研究与油气富集规律认识奠定基础,确定了该地区古油藏的沉积环境和母质来源。古油藏母质来源以海相为主,沉积环境为较还原环境。     

基于低场核磁共振技术的致密砂岩气藏防水锁作用机理研究

致密砂岩气藏孔隙度、渗透率较低,微观孔喉尺度细小,在生产及压裂过程中极易产生水锁伤害。为开展致密储层防水锁作用机理研究,本文将常规岩心自吸实验、防水锁剂抑制水锁伤害实验与低场核磁共振技术相结合,从微观角度揭示致密砂岩储层微纳米级孔喉中的防水锁作用机理,为致密砂岩气藏防水锁相关研究提供理论依据。研究结果显示,加入防水锁添加剂后,流体表面张力下降,接触角增大,自吸速率变慢,渗透率有一定程度恢复;在此基础上,通过核磁共振T2谱从微观角度评价缓慢自吸阶段液体在不同孔喉尺度范围内的液相水锁滞留现象,其中加入防水锁添加剂后在自吸20h时在较小孔喉处自吸液相平均占比为38.61%,整体孔喉平均液相占比为35.79%。而在未加入防水锁试剂的样品中在自吸20h时在较小孔喉处液相占比为67.48%,整体孔喉占比为54.52%;通过防水锁剂抑制水锁伤害实验得出,加入防水锁剂后渗透率恢复程度在15.38%～20.19%,整体液相滞留占比平均下降幅度在10.73%。研究发现防水锁剂有效地降低了较小孔候处液相滞留占比,降低流体表面张力以及增大岩心疏水性能,揭示了致密砂岩气藏防水锁作用机理,为致密砂岩气藏降低水锁伤害程度、提高返排效率,为实现高效开发提供理论支撑。     

浅谈商用燃气灶具现场检测的方法

从商用燃气灶具使用气源入手,引出商用燃气灶具适用气源的特殊性,并阐述了商用燃气灶具在现场检测时,如何根据现场的具体情况进行科学的检测。     

Conventional processes and membrane technology for carbon dioxide removal from natural gas:A review

Membrane technology is becoming more important for CO 2 separation from natural gas in the new era due to its process simplicity,relative ease of operation and control,compact,and easy to scale up as compared with conventional processes.Conventional processes such as absorption and adsorption for CO 2 separation from natural gas are generally more energy demanding and costly for both operation and maintenance.Polymeric membranes are the current commercial membranes used for CO 2 separation from natural gas.However,polymeric membranes possess drawbacks such as low permeability and selectivity,plasticization at high temperatures,as well as insufficient thermal and chemical stability.The shortcomings of commercial polymeric membranes have motivated researchers to opt for other alternatives,especially inorganic membranes due to their higher thermal stability,good chemical resistance to solvents,high mechanical strength and long lifetime.Surface modifications can be utilized in inorganic membranes to further enhance the selectivity,permeability or catalytic activities of the membrane.This paper is to provide a comprehensive review on gas separation,comparing membrane technology with other conventional methods of recovering CO 2 from natural gas,challenges of current commercial polymeric membranes and inorganic membranes for CO 2 removal and membrane surface modification for improved selectivity.