Enhanced interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy composites modified with sprayed multi-walled carbon nanotubes

A recently reported solvent spraying technique was used herein for incorporation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs. The role of the agglomerates reduction of oxidized MWCNTs on Mode-I interlaminar fracture toughness (G_IC) of laminated composites was investigated using double cantilever beam tests. Multiscale laminate composites were fabricated using MWCNTs without and with an acid oxidation, agglomerates reduction (AR) and a sequential treatment based on oxidation and AR. For comparison, specimens without MWCNTs were also prepared and tested. Fourier transform infrared analysis shows evidence of an important amount of oxygenated functional groups on the surface of as-received and oxidized MWCNTs. The results also show Mode-I fracture toughness improvements for all the laminated composites compared to reference samples. A substantial 52% increase in the average G_IC initiation was achieved for laminated composites reinforced with oxidized AR-MWCNTs prepared with only 0.05 wt.% MWCNTs.     

Initialization of phase-field fracture propagation in porous media using probability maps of fracture networks.

It is well known in the geophysical community that surface deflection information/micro-seismic data are considered to be one of the best diagnostics for revealing the volume of rock fracture. However, the in-exactness of the data representing the deformation induced to calibrate and represent complex fracture networks created and connected during hydraulic fracturing presents a challenge. In this paper, we propose a technique that implements a phase-field approach to propagate fractures and their interaction with existing fracture networks using surface deflection data. The latter one provides a probability map of fractures in a heterogeneous reservoir. These data are used to initialize both the location of the fractures and the phase-field function. In addition, this approach has the potential for optimizing well placement/spacing for fluid-filled fracture propagation for oil and gas production and or carbon sequestration and utilization. Using prototype models based on realistic field data, we demonstrate the effects of interactions between existing and propagating fractures in terms of several numerical simulations with different probability thresholds, locations, and numbers of fractures. Our results indicate that propagating fractures interact in a complex manner with the existing fracture network. The modeled propagation of hydraulic fractures is sensitive to the threshold employed within the phase-field approach for delineating fractures.     

Crack paths formed by multiple debonds in LFRP composites

Onset and growth of debonds at fibre-matrix interfaces in a bundle of fibres subjected to transverse loads are studied numerically. In particular, the crack path formed by debonded neighbour fibres is analysed. The Linear Elastic–Brittle Interface Model (LEBIM) is used to model the fibre-matrix interface behaviour. This simple model of a Long Fibre Reinfoced Polymer (LFRP) composite includes ten parallel fibres embedded in a matrix cell whose external dimensions are much larger than the fibre radius. The advantage of the present LEBIM formulation of the so-called matrix cracking lies in its ability to make quantitative predictions about the concurrent fibre-matrix debond onset and mixed-mode interface crack growth in a fibre bundle. The numerical analysis predicts failure loads producing the first and subsequent debond onsets, leading to a crack path. A discussion on the position where debond occurs is also included. Finally, the effect of the load biaxiality on the crack path is studied in detail.     

Effect of thermal aging on the fatigue crack growth behavior of cast duplex stainless steels

The effect of thermal aging on the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of Z3CN20-09M cast duplex stainless steel with low ferrite content was investigated in this study. The crack surfaces and crack growth paths were analyzed to clarify the FCG mechanisms. The microstructure and micromechanical properties before and after thermal aging were also studied. Spinodal decomposition in the aged ferrite phase led to an increase in the hardness and a decrease in the plastic deformation capacity, whereas the hardness and plastic deformation capacity of the austenite phase were almost unchanged after thermal aging. The aged material exhibited a better FCG resistance than the unaged material in the near-threshold regime because of the increased roughness-induced crack closure associated with the tortuous crack path and rougher fracture surface; however, the tendency was reversed in the Paris regime because of the cleavage fracture in the aged ferrite phases.     

Effects of H content on the tensile properties and fracture behavior of SA508-III steel

SA508-Ⅲ steel was charged with different hydrogen (H) contents using a high-pressure thermal charging method to study the effects of H content on the tensile properties and evaluate the H embrittlement behavior of the steel. The results indicate that the ultimate tensile strength remains nearly unchanged with the addition of H. In contrast, the yielding strength slightly increases, and the elongation significantly decreases with increasing H content, especially at concentrations exceeding 5.6×10-6. On the basis of fractographic analysis, it is clear that the addition of H changes the fracture mode from microvoid coalescence to a mixture of river patterns and dimples. Carbides are strong traps for H; thus, the H atoms easily migrate in the form of Cottrell atmosphere toward the carbides following moving dislocations during tensile deformation. In addition, stress-induced H atoms accumulate at the interface between carbides and the matrix after necking under three-dimensional stress, which weakens the interfacial bonding force. Consequently, when the local H concentration reaches a critical value, microcracks occur at the interface, resulting in fracture.     

页岩气藏压裂数值模拟敏感参数分析

针对页岩气藏压裂形成复杂裂缝网络后,单一的裂缝描述方法不再适用的问题,采用Eclipse 软件中的页岩 气模型,建立了一种“等效方法”,将页岩气有效改造体积表征为“主裂缝+ 网络裂缝渗透率”,代替“主裂缝+ 次裂 缝”的模拟方法,两种方法产量和长期压力驱替是等效的,解决了手工划分网格工作量大、计算速度慢的问题。运用 Plackett-Burman 型线性试验设计方法,对水力裂缝参数和储层参数进行敏感性排序,结果表明：水力裂缝参数中,压裂 纵向改造程度、网络裂缝渗透率和有效改造体积对产量影响最敏感,储层参数对产量影响敏感程度由强到弱为：地层 压力系数、总含气量、储层有效厚度、吸附气比例、井底流压、基质渗透率。为页岩气压裂选井选层和压裂设计方案优 化提供了依据。     

纤维压裂液携砂性能实验评价

 为了研究纤维对纤维加砂压裂的影响,设计了大型可视裂缝模拟系统及相应的实验方案,通过室内实验,研究了纤维加入方式、纤维浓度、温度等对纤维携砂能力的影响。实验结果表明:先加入纤维,再加入交联剂,最后加入支撑剂配置的压裂液携砂能力最好;在一定温度范围内,纤维质量浓度越高,纤维与支撑剂颗粒间摩擦系数越大,形成的网状结构越稳定,纤维的悬砂性越好,但温度大于80℃时,纤维携砂能力变差;增大纤维质量浓度,砂堤形态变平缓,堤峰向裂缝深部推移,支撑剂在裂缝深部的沉降量增加,有利于增加裂缝的有效长度。     

由定子电流信号分析陀螺电机滚珠轴承故障诊断与分类（英文）

在陀螺电机中,轴承故障是最普遍的失效形式。针对陀螺电机球轴承中各组成部分出现故障难以区分,而更换整套轴承又造成巨大浪费的问题,提出了一种基于电流信号分析的陀螺电机轴承故障分类方法。该方法通过采集定子电流信号,并应用数学分析工具,提取出定子电流的特征信号。通过使用顺序递推法排除了冗余和无效特征,然后用最佳的特征信号建立特征空间。通过使用隐马尔科夫模型,对轴承的典型故障(外环故障、内环故障、球故障和保持架故障)进行了准确的分类。该方法的有效性在一台具有不同轴承故障的直流无刷陀螺电机上得到验证,实验结果显示分类的正确率达到97.1%。     

THE PERFORATION PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION FOR MULTI FRACTURE INITIATION IN HYDRAULIC FRACTURING

针对复杂地质近井筒多裂缝起裂的难题, 结合岩体力学与损伤力学相关理论, 建立了近井筒地层流固——损伤力学模型, 采用数值求解获得了射孔壁面的应力及损伤状态, 计算表明:初始地应力最小值越小, 地层的起裂压力越低;射孔方位角越小, 起裂压力越低. 随着射孔方位角增大, 近井筒微裂缝为45° 夹角的拐折裂缝, 起裂压力增大, 基于此, 对于正断层及顺滑断层地应力类型, 取射孔方位角小于30°, 螺旋射孔夹角30°或45°, 对于逆断层地应力类型, 螺旋射孔夹角取45°, 可有效地实现多裂缝起裂.     

PROGRESS IN MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY FOR DRILL STRING VIBRATION

随着深井、超深井数量的快速增加, 钻柱振动导致的钻具失效问题更加突出. 针对钻柱振动的研究可分为理论与数值模拟、测量分析两种方法. 由于钻柱振动具有复杂的非线性特征, 使得理论与数值模拟研究受到了很大限制, 因此井下振动测量技术的研究显得尤为重要. 本文比较全面和系统地介绍了国内外钻柱振动测量技术研究现状和进展情况, 并对几个应用较为成熟的国外测量系统的工作原理、分析方法及应用技术进行了详细的综述. 所得结论可为我国井下振动测量技术的发展提供重要参考.