Affinity foam fractionation of Trichoderma cellulase

Cellulase could not be selectively collected from fermentation broth by simple foam fractionation, because of the presence of other more surface-active compounds. A new approach of affinity foam fractionation was investigated for improvement. A hardwood hydrolysate (containing cellulose oligomers, substrates to cellulase) and two substrate analogs, i.e., carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and xylan hydrolysate, were added before the foaming process. The substrates and substrate analogs were indeed found to bind the cellulase selectively and form more hydrophobic complexes that partition more readily onto bubble surfaces. In this study, the effects of the type and concentration of substrate/analog as well as the presence of cells at different growth stages were examined. The foam fractionation properties evaluated included foaming speed, foam stability, foamate volume, and enrichment of filter paper unit (FPU) and individual cellulase components (i.e., endoglucanases, exoglucanases, and β-glucosidases). Depending on the broth and substrate/analog employed, the foamate FPU could be more than fourfold higher than the starting broth FPU. Addition of substrate/analog also deterred the enrichment of other extracellular proteins, resulting in the desired cellulase purification in the foamate. The value of E/P (enzyme activity-FPU/g/L of proteins) in the foamate reached as high as 18, from a lactose-based fermentation broth with original E/P of 5.6. Among cellulase components, exoglucanases were enriched the most and β-glucosidases the least. The study with CMC of different molecular weights (MW) and degrees of substitution (DS) indicated that the CMC with low DS and high MW performed better in cellulase foam fractionation.     

Metal foams: A survey

The current state-of-the-art in the development of cellular metal foams is reviewed, with focus on their fabrication, mechanical/thermal/acoustic properties, and potential applications as lightweight panels, energy absorbers, heat exchangers, and acoustic liners. Foam property charts with scaling relations are presented, allowing scoping and selection through the use of material indices.     

Nickel foam-based composite electrodes for electrooxidation of methanol

Nickel foam and five nickel foam-based composite electrodes were prepared for being used as anode materials for the electrooxidation of methanol in KOH solution containing 0.1 and 1.0 M of methanol. The layered electrodes composed of nickel foam, platinum nanoparticles, polyaniline (PANI) and/or porous carbon (C) prepared in various assemblies. As shown by SEM analysis, depending on the preparation conditions, the electrodes of different morphologies were obtained. Using the cyclic voltammetry method, the oxidation of methanol on nickel foam electrode was observed in the potential range 0.4 V ↔ 0.7 V, where the Ni(OH)₂/NiOOH transformation occurred. The presence of Pt particles in electrode gave rise to the increase in electrocatalytic activity in this potential range. For electrodes containing dispersed platinum catalyst (Ni/Pt, Ni/PANI/Pt and Ni/C/Pt), the oxidation of methanol was noted also in the potential range −0.5 V ↔ 0.1 V. The electrocatalytic activities of the examined electrodes toward methanol oxidation at low potentials were in order Ni/Pt > Ni/C/Pt > Ni/PANI/Pt, whereas at high potentials in order Ni/PANI/Pt > Ni/Pt> Ni/C/Pt > Ni. Among the examined electrodes, the most resistant to cyclic poisoning appeared to be the Ni/C/Pt electrode. Presented at the 4Th Baltic Conference on Electrochemistry, Greifswald, March 13–16, 2005     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定泡沫灭火材料及其他材料中的全氟辛烷磺酸及其盐

建立了一种高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)测定泡沫灭火材料、洗涤剂以及织物整理剂中全氟辛烷磺酸及其盐(PFOS)的方法。对应产品中的PFOS用水超声提取后,经固相萃取柱淋洗萃取,萃取液以乙腈-10 mmol/L乙酸铵溶液(80:20, v/v)为流动相进行HPLC分离,在负离子模式和多级反应监测(MRM)方式下进行测定。用两个子离子的相对丰度定性,外标法定量。PFOS的测定在0.002~0.1 mg/L范围内线性关系良好(r2=0.998);泡沫灭火材料、洗涤剂以及织物整理剂中PFOS的加标回收率分别为93.4%～103%, 93.2%～102%和91.8%～102%,精密度(以相对标准偏差(RSD)计)分别为0.48%～3.52%, 0.78%～1.79%和0.47%～3.47%;方法的检出限均为2 mg/kg(0.0002%)(信噪比（S/N）≥10),满足欧盟法规对泡沫灭火材料、洗涤剂以及织物整理剂中PFOS的限量检测要求。该方法准确度和灵敏度高,前处理简单,可用于泡沫灭火材料、洗涤剂以及织物整理剂中PFOS的检测。     

基于相对即时密度的泡沫铝材料力学性能研究

通过对圆柱形泡沫铝试件进行静态压缩和冲击实验，考察了泡沫铝的初始密度、孔径和尺寸等因素对材料应力应变关系的影响，研究了基于相对即时密度的泡沫铝材料的塑性行为。实验所用泡沫铝试件包含四种尺寸，三种孔径及多种初始密度。实验结果表明，初始密度对泡沫铝的应力应变关系有着显著的影响，而其他因素，如孔径、试件尺寸等的影响较小。基于实验结果，提出了一种新的泡沫铝材料力学性能的描述方法，即用材料的相对即时密度与应力的关系来描述泡沫铝材料的塑性行为。该关系适用于静态和动态加载情况，只是两种情况下的参数不同。基于该方法，发现泡沫铝的塑性行为可以用单一的应力一相对即时密度关系描述，这一关系甚至不依赖于材料的初始密度，这将使泡沫铝材料塑性行为的描述大大简化。     

泡沫铝防护钢筋混凝土板的抗爆性能

为研究多孔吸能材料泡沫铝板对工程结构的抗爆防护作用,开展室外爆炸破坏实验,分别对设置不同泡沫铝防护层的钢筋混凝土(reinforced concrete,RC)板在爆炸荷载下的动态响应及破坏模式进行了研究,并运用LS-DYNA软件建立了有限元模型。通过与实验对照,验证了模型的可行性,对比分析了有、无泡沫铝防护层钢筋混凝土板的损伤破坏规律,并讨论了泡沫铝密度梯度分布和纵筋配筋率的影响。结果表明:有限元模型能够有效分析含泡沫铝防护层RC板的动态响应及其破坏形态;泡沫铝防护层能够有效减小钢筋混凝土板的挠度变形,降低试件的破坏程度;泡沫铝密度由下到上递增情况对RC板的减爆效果最好;增大配筋率可以提升泡沫铝防护RC板整体抗爆性能。     

镓铟锡液滴撞击泡沫金属表面的运动学特性研究

常温下为液态的镓铟锡合金以其优异的导热性能在具有特殊要求的传热领域有着重要的应用价值,与传统流动介质相比较大的表面张力使得其产生的流动现象必有所区别.本文研究镓铟锡所形成的液滴撞击泡沫金属表面后所产生的铺展、回缩及回弹现象.采用高速相机拍摄液滴投影轮廓随液滴运动的变化过程,并通过图像处理获得不同撞击速度、底板表面孔径下的液滴铺展系数、中心位置轮廓高度以及液滴回弹后在空中的振动特性.研究结果表明:具有较高表面张力的镓铟锡液滴的铺展系数随无量纲时间的变化在铺展初始阶段仍满足常规流体的1/2次幂关系,只在铺展后期与底板的无量纲孔径有关系;液滴的最大铺展系数在较小无量纲孔径底板大于在光滑镍板,且随底板无量纲孔径增大而逐渐减小;在回弹过程,由于底板孔隙结构的存在使得液滴回弹后在空中的振动呈现3种形态:规则的横向和纵向振动、带旋转的横向和纵向振动以及旋转振动;最后,通过对振动频率的拟合和分析,进一步拓展了传统振动频率理论公式在非规则振动过程预测中的应用.      

Studying the Suitability of Nineteen Lignins as Partial Polyol Replacement in Rigid Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate Foam

In this study, nineteen unmodified lignins from various sources (hardwood, softwood, wheat straw, and corn stover) and isolation processes (kraft, soda, organosolv, sulfite, and enzymatic hydrolysis) were used to replace 30 wt.% of petroleum-based polyol in rigid polyurethane/polyisocyanurate (PUR/PIR) foam formulations. Lignin samples were characterized by measuring their ash content, hydroxyl content (Phosphorus Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy), impurities (Inductively Coupled Plasma), and pH. After foam formulation, properties of lignin-based foams were evaluated and compared with a control foam (with no lignin) via cell morphology, closed-cell content, compression strength, apparent density, thermal conductivity, and color analysis. Lignin-based foams passed all measured standard specifications required by ASTM International C1029-15 for type 1 rigid insulation foams, except for three foams. These three foams had poor compressive strengths, significantly larger cell sizes, darker color, lower closed-cell contents, and slower foaming times. The foam made with corn stover enzymatic hydrolysis lignin showed no significant difference from the control foam in terms of compressive strength and outperformed all other lignin-based foams due to its higher aliphatic and p-hydroxyphenyl hydroxyl contents. Lignin-based foams that passed all required performance testing were made with lignins having higher pH, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and aliphatic/p-hydroxyphenyl hydroxyl group contents than those that failed.     

裂解温度对聚硅氧烷制备SiOC泡沫陶瓷性能的影响

采用陶瓷先驱体聚硅氧烷为原料,利用先驱体转化法与有机泡沫浸渍法相结合制备SiOC泡沫陶瓷.研究了聚硅氧烷的裂解温度对泡沫陶瓷抗压强度的影响,采用XRD,SEM及EDS对SiOC泡沫陶瓷进行了物相、微观结构及成份分析.结果表明,当裂解温度为1250℃时所获泡沫陶瓷的抗压强度最高,达10.8 MPa.微观结构分析显示,SiOC泡沫陶瓷呈三维网状结构,具有良好的贯通性,气孔率达到80%.     

液态金属熔池中气泡-液体两相湍流的数值模拟研究

应用欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,以及分别描述气泡和液体湍流的两相湍流模型,描述液态金属中气体射流发泡过程的两相流动及气泡分布。与实验结果的对比表明,本模型的预测能力优于前人未考虑气相湍流的模型。考查了液体物性和气泡尺寸对流场特性的影响,结果发现,液体密度越低,气泡尺寸越小,气泡分布就越均匀。