Hierarchically Structured Porous Silica Spheres by Microemulsion/Vesicle Templating for Hydrodesulfurization of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Diesel

A series of hierarchically structured porous silica sphere (HSPSS) materials are successfully fabricated by a facile, one‐step microemulsion/vesicle bimodal method in a multicomponent microemulsion system of P123/n‐butanol/1,3,5‐trimethylbenzene/KCl/H₂O (surfactant/cosurfactant/oil/salt/water). The pore structures of the obtained HSPSS products consist of mesocellular foam and mesostructured vesicles. In contrast to the traditional porous silica materials the new structures combine two separate, distinct mesophases with different‐sized mesovoids in a single porous sphere. Moreover, the proportion of every mesophase in obtained HSPSS can be easily adjusted by tuning the initially added amount of n‐butanol or KCl in this multicomponent microemulsion system. When the molar ratio of KCl/tetraethoxysilane is 2.15, the obtained HSPSS material is turned into uniform mesostructured vesicle silica spheres, which consist of many small diameter vesicle particles. The hydrodesulfurization (HDS) activity of fluid catalytic cracking diesel over the HSPSS was tested. HSPSS‐0.75‐1.43 catalyst support with multiple mesoporous structures shows the highest HDS efficiency (98.5%) among all the studied catalysts.     

Environmentally Compatible Hybrid-Type Polyurethane Foams Containing Saccharide and Lignin Components

Semi-rigid polyurethane (PU) foams were prepared using lignin-molasses- poly(ethylene glycol) polyols. Two kinds of lignin, kraft lignin (KL) and sodium lignosulfonate (LS), were used. Both lignin and molasses polyols were mixed with various ratios and were reacted with poly(phenylene methylene) polyisocyanate (MDI) in the presence of silicone surfactant and di-n-butyltin dilaurate. A small amount of water was used as a foaming agent. The apparent density of PU foams increased with increasing lignin content. The compression strength and elastic modulus linearly increase with increasing apparent density, suggesting that mechanical properties are controllable by changing reaction conditions. The PU foams were amorphous and glass transition was detected by differential scanning calorimetry. The glass transition temperature (T_g ) maintained an almost constant value, regardless of the mixing ratio. This indicates that both the phenolic group of lignin and the glucopyranose ring of molasses act as rigid components in PU crosslinking network structures, and both groups contribute to the main chain motion to the same extent. By thermogravimetry (TG), it was confirmed that PU foams are thermally stable up to around 300 °C. By differential scanning calorimetry, T_g was observed at temperatures from 80 to 120 °C.     

油田供水系统仿真建模及算法研究

油田供水管网系统调度是我国油田采油系统生产的重要部分之一.介绍了油田供水生产过程仿真系统FSPPS的设计和实现方法.以供水系统基本水力元件数学模型为基础,应用节点方程模型建立了系统仿真模型,通过对该模型特征系统矩阵进行分析,提出数学模型的计算方法.通过对油田供水系统的实际仿真运算,验证了模型的正确性.该仿真系统软件目前已应用于油田供水系统,效果显著.     

6D型注水泵的技术改造及现场应用

原6D型注水泵效率低,耗电高、寿命短,难以满足油田注水需要。究其原因是泵设计不合理,对主要部件的材质和工艺要求过低而造成。通过对6D型注井泵的改造,使其在较恶劣的环境下工作性能良好,提高了泵的效率和寿命,使油田在注水过程中节约了大量能源和资金。文章详细介绍了这一投资少、见效快的6D型注水泵的改造措施和改造经验。     

由储层矿物在碱性驱替剂中的化学行为到砂岩储层次生孔隙的形成

本文在对储层矿物、岩石在碱性驱替剂中的化学行为系统研究进行概括的基础上提出了碱性成岩环境有助于砂岩储层次生孔隙发育这一全新的观点,并提出了单旋回成岩环境体系中的“酸-碱链式反应”模型。最后通过岩石矿物组成分析和文献调查证实了碱性成岩环境确实存在。显然,这种观点的应用会对油田油气勘探产生积极的影响。     

Shock and blast attenuation by aqueous foam barriers: influences of barrier geometry

A Free-Lagrange CFD code is used to simulate the attenuation, by means of barriers of aqueous foam, of shocks and blast waves emerging from the open end of a two-dimensional duct. A range of foam barrier configurations is explored, comprising foam sheets that extend the effective duct length, and foam “caps” that completely obstruct the duct exit. Near-field off-axis overpressure time-histories are presented for each configuration. Two attenuation mechanisms are identified, both of which are influenced by the barrier geometry used: partial transmission at foam/air interfaces due to impedance mismatching, and delay of blast waves within the foam. Attenuation by dissipation within the foam is not simulated. Received 13 October 1997 / Accepted 31 August 1998     

注汽干度对增强汽驱效果的研究

为了提高注汽干度,开展了高压汽水分离计量装置,介绍了汽水分离器的设计原理,同时结合现场运行数据进行效果及经济分析,并对不同装置的注汽锅炉进行余热利用设计及效果分析．介绍了井口计量装置原理及可行性分析．结果表明,投入高压汽水分离器后,使干度上升１５％～２０％,停运低压供热锅炉２４台．为稠油后期开发提供有力的配套装置提供依据．     

混相驱中的气体示踪剂监测技术

气体示踪剂可分为放射性示踪剂和化学示踪剂。化学示踪剂已取代放射性示踪剂在混相驱中的主导地位,其中,全氟环烷烃和六氟化硫是目前现场广泛试验和应用的化学气体示踪剂。对气体示踪剂的性质、选择条件、分析方法、用量计算公式、投放工艺和取样要求等进行了综合论述,介绍了混相驱的气体示踪剂监测技术。这项技术用于水气交替注入混相驱油田示踪剂监测,已经取得了较好效果     

蒸汽驱产量模型改进及影响因素分析

本文改进了Jones蒸汽驱产量计算模型,据此,对辽河油田齐-40块蒸汽驱生产状态进行了分析和预测。结果表明：(1)通过历史拟合,Jones模型预测结果与生产历史吻合,可用来估计生产动态变化趋势;(2)注蒸汽速度和蒸汽干度的增加,会增加原油采油速度;(3)原始含油饱和度增加会明显地增加采油速度。