热网络法预测车内温度的理论和实验研究

为对车内温度水平进行预测,采用热网络法对车辆停车和行驶状态下的车内温度进行计算。太阳辐射是影响车内温度水平的主要因素,而热网络法通过建立和求解节点热平衡方程,获得各节点的温度,尤其适用于以辐射为主的换热问题。车内外的对流换热采用实验关联式进行计算。由热网络法建立的节点热平衡方程组为非线性方程组,采用牛顿迭代法进行了求解。计算结果与实测温度值的比较显示,两者吻合较好,表明热网络法用于车内温度预测的有效性。另外,计算结果也显示车窗玻璃的透射率对车内温度有明显影响,在考虑安全的前提下,选取合适透射率的车窗玻璃材料可起到减少车辆能耗的作用。     

姜黄素长循环脂质体的制备及表征

为了改善姜黄素长循环脂质体(Cur-LCL)的稳定性,延长药物在体内的循环时间,对现有姜黄素脂质体(Cur-Lips)和姜黄素长循环脂质体的制备方法进行了优化。使用乙醇注入法制备Cur-Lips,用后插法将DSPE-PEG2000插入Cur-Lips中制成Cur-LCL。结果表明:Cur-LCL外观为圆形囊泡状球体,平均包封率为(88.91±0.94)%,4℃存放15d包封率没有明显变化,平均渗漏率为2.4%,具有较好的稳定性;Cur-LCL平均粒径为(118.4±3.2)nm(n=3),呈单峰分布,平均电位为(-12.9±0.32)mV(n=3);以溶解度为标准对溶出介质进行筛选,选择以1%Tween 80的生理盐水为体外释放试验的溶出介质,Cur原料药12h基本释放完全,Cur-Lips在36h基本释放完全,累计释放率为92.67%,Cur-LCL在72h基本释放完全,累计释放率为91.36%。Cur-LCL具有明显的缓释性,可以延长药物在血液中的循环时间,达到长循环的效果。     

硬化非高斯结构响应首次穿越的Monte Carlo模拟

在对比分析已有硬化非高斯模型(Winterstein硬化模型、Ding和Chen模型)的基础上,提出了一个基于Zhao和Lu模型的新硬化非高斯模型.新模型预测偏度和峰度的误差比既有硬化模型小,且最大误差分别为0.311和0.479,表明新模型具有良好的精度;同时新模型扩展了Zhao和Lu模型的适用范围.最后运用新硬化模型模拟硬化非高斯过程样本,发展了硬化非高斯结构响应首次穿越的Monte Carlo模拟方法.数值算例验证了本文方法用于硬化非高斯结构响应首次穿越失效概率计算有较高的精度;杭州新火车东站大跨屋盖以及南水北调工程渡槽结构工程实例说明了本文方法的使用过程.     

渝西北土壤重金属分布特征及其风险评价

为全面了解重庆西北地区（潼南区、铜梁区、合川区和大足区）土壤中重金属质量分数、分布特征及其生态风险,在该区共采集表层土壤样品6 792件,测定了As,Cd,Cr,Cu,Hg,Ni,Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素质量分数,并用土壤环境质量标准（GB15618-1995）和潜在生态风险指数对土壤重金属污染进行评价.结果表明：1）表层土壤Cd质量分数累积效应最大,是背景值的2.43倍,超标比例为18.67%,其余7种重金属元素质量分数平均值低于土壤环境质量一级标准值;2）空间分布特征表明,Zn,Cd,Pb,As,Ni,Cu和Cr 7种元素在研究区西部质量分数较高,Hg在东部质量分数较高,主要受地层控制和土地利用方式的影响;3）研究区重金属污染对该区构成的潜在生态危害由强至弱依次为：Cd,Hg,As,Pb,Cu,Ni,Cr,Zn,整体处于中等潜在生态风险等级,主要受Cd和Hg元素的影响,二者可能造成的生态危害应引起重视.     

关于迷向log-凹函数的注记

凸体的迷向位置是研究极值问题的重要位置.研究了log-凹函数的迷向位置,得到了log-凹函数处于迷向位置的充要条件,其结果是凸体处于迷向位置充要条件的推广.     

基于灵敏度分析的某纯电动车白车身轻量化研究

纯电动汽车迎来快速发展时期,但限于电池包的质量,电动汽车续航里程的提升存在一定限制.文中以某纯电动汽车白车身为研究对象,建立了基于刚度和模态的灵敏度仿真分析模型,以白车身质量最小为目标,通过计算获得了设计变量对于目标的灵敏度值.基于灵敏度分析结果,结合工程经验,制定出合理的车身轻量化方案,在性能不明显降低的基础上实现白车身减重6.2 kg,为开发过程中进行纯电动汽车车身轻量化提供参考.     

Multi‐stage high order semi‐Lagrangian schemes for incompressible flows in Cartesian geometries

Efficient transport algorithms are essential to the numerical resolution of incompressible fluid‐flow problems. Semi‐Lagrangian methods are widely used in grid based methods to achieve this aim. The accuracy of the interpolation strategy then determines the properties of the scheme. We introduce a simple multi‐stage procedure, which can easily be used to increase the order of accuracy of a code based on multilinear interpolations. This approach is an extension of a corrective algorithm introduced by Dupont & Liu (2003, 2007). This multi‐stage procedure can be easily implemented in existing parallel codes using a domain decomposition strategy, as the communication pattern is identical to that of the multilinear scheme. We show how a combination of a forward and backward error correction can provide a third‐order accurate scheme, thus significantly reducing diffusive effects while retaining a non‐dispersive leading error term. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Decentralized operation strategies for an integrated building energy system using a memetic algorithm

The emerging technology in net-zero building and smart grids drives research moving from centralized operation decisions on a single building to decentralized decisions on a group of buildings, termed a building cluster which shares energy resources locally and globally. However, current research has focused on developing an accurate simulation of single building energy usage which limits its application to building clusters as scenarios such as energy sharing and competition cannot be modeled and studied. We hypothesize that the study of energy usage for a group of buildings instead of one single building will result in a cost effective building system which in turn will be resilient to power disruption. To this end, this paper develops a decision model based on a building cluster simulator with each building modeled by energy consumption, storage and generation sub modules. Assuming each building is interested in minimizing its energy cost, a bi-level operation decision framework based on a memetic algorithm is proposed to study the tradeoff in energy usage among the group of buildings. Two additional metrics, measuring the comfort level and the degree of dependencies on the power grid are introduced for the analysis. The experimental result demonstrates that the proposed framework is capable of deriving the Pareto solutions for the building cluster in a decentralized manner. The Pareto solutions not only enable multiple dimensional tradeoff analysis, but also provide valuable insight for determining pricing mechanisms and power grid capacity.     

HPLC–MS/MS analysis of peramivir in rat plasma: Elimination of matrix effect using the phospholipid‐removal solid‐phase extraction method

A simple HPLC–MS/MS method has been developed for the determination of peramivir in rat plasma in the present study. The analytes were separated on a C₁₈ column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) and a triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source was applied for the detection. A phospholipid‐free cartridge solid‐phase extraction was used to pretreat the plasma and eliminate the endogenous phospholipid. The in‐source collision‐induced dissociation approach showed that this pretreatment could result in negligible ion suppression from the extracted sample and could produce cleaner samples when compared with the protein precipitation. The method was linear over the concentration range of 0.12–1200.0 ng/mL for peramivir. The method was validated and successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study after peramivir was orally and intravenously administered to Sprague–Dawley rats.     

Time‐resolved in situ tomography for the analysis of evolving metal‐foam granulates

An experimental setup has been developed that allows for capturing up to 25 tomograms s^?1 using the white X‐ray beam at the experimental station EDDI of BESSY II, Berlin, Germany. The key points are the use of a newly developed, precise and fast rotation stage, a very efficient scintillator and a fast CMOS camera. As a first application, the foaming of aluminium alloy granules at 923 K was investigated in situ. Formation and growth of bubbles in the liquid material were observed and found to be influenced by the limited thermal conductivity in the bulk granules. Changes that took place between two tomographic frames separated in time by 39 ms could be detected and analysed quantitatively.