Layered silicate epoxy nanocomposites: formation of the inorganic‐carbonaceous fire protection layer

The layered silicate (LS) modification and processing parameters applied control the morphology of the LS/polymer composites. Here, increasing the surface area of the LS particles by using alternative drying processes increases dispersion towards a more typical nanocomposite morphology, which is a basic requirement for promising flame retardancy. Nevertheless, the morphology at room temperature does not act itself with respect to flame retardancy, but serves as a prerequisite for the formation of an efficient surface protection layer during pyrolysis. The formation of this residue layer was addressed experimentally for the actual pyrolysis region of a burning nanocomposite and thus our results are valid without any assumptions or compromises on the time period, dimension, surrounding atmosphere or temperature. The formation of the inorganic‐carbonaceous residue is influenced by bubbling, migration, reorientation, agglomeration, ablation, and perhaps also delamination induced thermally and by decomposition, whereas true sintering of the inorganic particles was ruled out as an important mechanism. Multiple, quite different mechanisms are relevant during the formation of the residue, and the importance of each mechanism probably differs from one nanocomposite system to another. The main fire protection effect of the surface layer in polymer nanocomposites based on non‐charring or nearly non‐charring polymers is the increase in surface temperature, resulting in a substantial increase in reradiated heat flux (heat shielding). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

创新型试点城市的建立能否降低环境污染?——基于准自然实验的证据

该文基于中国2004—2015年251个城市的面板数据,利用双重差分方法评估了创新型试点城市的建立对城市环境污染的影响,并运用双重差分倾向得分匹配法(PSM-DID)进一步进行了验证.研究结果表明:创新型试点城市的建立显著降低了城市环境污染,可以平均降低城市环境污染8.74%.机制检验表明:创新型试点城市的建立推动了城市绿色发展,主要通过技术效应和环境规制效应降低城市环境污染.城市规模异质性检验表明:II型大城市的创新型试点城市的建立加剧了环境污染,而其他规模类型的创新型试点城市的建立都具有减污效应.政策异质性检验表明:创新型试点城市建立受到“智慧城市”政策、“低碳城市”政策和“两控区”政策影响的地区的环境抑制效应更强,而受到“两控区”政策影响的创新型试点城市减污效应最大.区域异质性表明:西部地区减污效应比东部和中部更明显.     

森林地表凋落物含水率红外光谱特性分析

为了实现森林地表凋落物含水率的实时测量，研究了森林地表凋落物含水率与红外光谱特性参数之间的关系。选取了四种森林地表凋落物，搭建了含水率红外光谱测量装置，获得了不同含水率所对应的红外吸收光谱图，分析了不同含水率与峰值吸收光强、谷肩连线与谷底连线交点纵坐标、吸收谷面积之间的关系。结果表明，含水率吸收谱线峰值在1 450 nm附近；三种光谱参数中，森林地表凋落物含水率与峰值吸收光强线性相关性最好，所得一元回归方程经F检验显著性良好，斜率的相对不确定度均小于1.0%和截距的相对不确定度小于0.51%，相关系数γ＞0.95。为含水率实时测量仪的光源选择和标定提供了依据。     

分子模拟技术在高分子科学实验中的应用

分子模拟技术是一项成熟的、有潜力的计算机实验技术,计算机具备高速稳定的图形处理能力,可以将实验结果以数据和图形的形式呈现出来,数据库技术可以方便的提取和存储各种分子模型和聚合物片段,通过可视化的三维图形的让学生更容易理解高分子科学的抽象概念,分子动力学的计算方法以牛顿力学为基础,在一定力场下建立周期性边界条件模型,通过几何构型优化和动力学运算,直观地了解到高分子的近程结构和聚集态结构,计算得出普通高分子实验无法得到微观相态结构,丰富了实验内容,开拓了高分子科学实验的新领域。     

脉冲激光沉积薄膜创新开放实验的探索

利用大学生创新开放实验平台,设计了脉冲激光沉积薄膜实验。通过研究制备工艺对薄膜质量的影响,测量了最佳制备工艺条件下TiN薄膜的结构、表面形貌和光学性能。实验激起了学生的科学研究兴趣,对培养学生的创新意识和实践能力具有重大意义。     

基于模糊评价法的高校食堂火灾疏散性能研究——以安徽三联学院老食堂为例

高校老食堂由于建筑安全设置陈旧、可燃物资集中、就餐人员流量大,导致其火灾疏散性能存在一定程度的不确定性。为研究突发事件下高校老食堂的疏散性能,将模糊评价引入高校食堂的火灾疏散性能评估中,并对某高校老食堂作了具体的研究,结果表明:疏散通道宽度和疏散管理等方面存在一些问题,为提升食堂火灾疏散性能提出了可行的整改建议。     

致密储层干化主剂筛选评价与配方研制

致密砂岩气藏储层一般具有较高的原始含水饱和度，测试显示干岩芯的渗透率是原始含水岩芯的10倍以上；除此之外，各种水基工作液均会接触储层进而侵入地层，形成液相滞留，增加近井地带或裂缝面附近的基质含水饱和度，进一步降低储层气相渗透率，大幅度降低产能。基于这一基本现象，研制了一种储层干化剂主剂ACHM，通过注入干化剂消耗地层水的原理性实验来评价地层水的消耗程度，并利用色谱及XRD衍射分析了反应后生产气及残渣组成。实验结果显示，该ACHM具有一定延迟反应时间、延迟反应时间与温度呈反向关系，且干化主剂的耗水量不受地层水类型及矿化度的直接影响，两种干化主剂的最佳混合摩尔比为0.25。     

我国农村消防建设探讨

介绍了我国农村消防现状,分析了建设平安消防体系的作用和意义,探讨了建设农村平安消防体系的对策。     

An experimental study of phase transformations in olivine under pressure and temperature conditions corresponding to the mantle transition zone

High-pressure polymorphs of olivine (wadsleyite and ringwoodite) are major minerals in the mantle transition zone (MTZ).Phase transformations in olivine are important for a series of geodynamic problems such as the mineralogical and evolutionary history of the mantle,mantle convection patterns,and deep focus earthquakes in subduction zones.In this study,we examine phase transformations in olivine with two compositions,namely Mg 2 SiO 4 (Fo 100) and (Mg 0.9 Fe 0.1) 2 SiO 4 (Fo 90),at pressures between 14.1 and 20 GPa and a constant temperature of 1400°C,using the newly installed multi-anvil system at the Laboratory for Studies of the Earth’s Deep Interior (SEDI),China University of Geosciences (Wuhan).At 14.1 GPa,Fo 90 transformed completely into the wadsleyite structure (β),while Fo 100 remained as olivine (α).Between 14.8 and 15.6 GPa,both Fo 100 and Fo 90 transformed into the wadsleyite structure.Wadsleyite crystals were identified by two characteristic Raman peaks between 722 and 723 and 917 and 919 cm 1.They exhibit a bimodal grain size distribution:large-crystals with average grain sizes greater than 100 μm and microcrystals less than 10 μm.The population of microcrystals increased with pressure,apparently due to the increase in over-pressure (the difference between the experimental pressure condition and the equilibrium transformation pressure at 1400°C),which promotes nucleation and retards grain growth.All run charges contained large numbers of wadsleyite microcrystals,because of the low activation energy of the nucleation process.The experimentally observed microstructure may shed light on the morphology of wadsleyite observed in shocked meteorites.At 19.5 GPa,wadsleyite coexisted with ringwoodite (γ) in Fo 100,but was absent in Fo 90.At 20 GPa,both samples transformed completely into ringwoodite,which was characterized by the 798 and 840 cm 1 Raman lines.Ringwoodite crystals are euhedral grains (average grain size 10-20 μm),with well-developed triple junctions.The complex upper mantle structure in eastern China determined from seismological studies cannot be explained by the simple transformation sequence of the olivine system alone.Phase transformations in other pyroxene-normative components (including pyroxenes and garnets) and the interaction of these components with olivine may be responsible for the complex structure.High-pressure and high-temperature experimental studies on complex systems (e.g.olivine-pyroxene),combined with data from geophysical exploration,may help in establishing a more realistic geological-petrological model for eastern China and further our understanding of the possible physical mechanisms that are responsible for the complex structure.Such studies will have profound implications for understanding the dynamic processes in the deep Earth interior.     

Coupling of Foam Drainage and Viscous Fingering in Porous Media Revealed by X-ray Computed Tomography

We investigate the development foam in granular porous media and the subsequent flow of the surfactant solution, where the fluid fraction variations are visualized and quantified using X-ray computed tomography. It is found that foam flows in a front like manner leading to a residual liquid fraction of 0.18±0.01, far from the inlet surface of the porous sample. A desaturation backward wave is also observed during foam development. We provided direct evidence that the flow of surfactant solution in porous media containing foam gives rise to superposition of a drainage wave and a characteristic viscous fingering pattern. In the wave the liquid fraction ranges from the above residual value to nearly 0.25±0.01. The liquid fraction associated with the viscous fingering decays as a function of distance but the inlet value increases up to 0.06±0.01. Certain ideas about the physics of foam flow in porous media are revised in the light of our findings.