Investigation of surface structure and composition of in situ annealed Fe–Mn binary alloy samples using RHEED and electron spectroscopy

The formation of oxides at the surface of Fe–1.5%Mn and Fe–0.6%Mn binary alloys was investigated as a function of the conditions of the heat treatments. Both the influence of temperature and the atmosphere under which the experiments were performed were studied. The range of annealing temperatures was adjusted to 800°C. The atmosphere consisted of a mixture of N₂–5%H₂ and traces of water vapour, with different fixed dew points ranging from −10°C to −30°C. The state of the annealed surfaces was determined using in situ analytical devices attached to the annealing reactor in order to avoid surface contamination or the formation of native oxides after the experiments due to contact with air. The structure and composition of the surfaces were determined by reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and electron spectroscopy (XPS, AES). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of hydrocolloids on starch thermal transitions,as measured by DSC

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to analyze the influence of different hydrocolloids (xanthan, guar, and locust bean gums, carboxymethylcellulose and sodium alginate) on the gelatinization of corn starch in systems with starch concentration ranging between 0.1 and 0.7 g starch/g mixture. The reduction of available water produced a shift in gelatinization temperature, especially of the conclusion temperature. The effect was more marked for ionic hydrocolloids. The influence of hydrocolloids on glass transition temperature (T _g) of gelatinized starch suspensions and on the glass transition temperature of the maximally freeze-concentrated solute/unfrozen water matrix (T _g) was also studied.T _g onset values ranged between –4.5 and –5.5C for corn starch pastes with and without hydrocolloids. Those hydrocolloids that increased the viscosity of the unfrozen matrix inhibited additional ice formation during thawing (devitrification).Starch concentration and final heating temperature were found to be relevant factors affecting the kinetics of amylopectin retrogradation during frozen storage at –4C. Xanthan gum failed to prevent amylopectin retrogradation; this observation could be attributed to the fact that gums act outside the starch granule, while amylopectin retrogradation takes place within the granule.     

Time and temperature-based study for the production of high T C phase by sol-gel technique in Pb-bscco system

The high T_C superconducting phase Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃Ox (2223) in the Pb-BSCCO system has been produced by EDTA-gel processing using nitrate solutions. The precursor has heated in two stages, at 300 and 800°C each for 2 h, to avoid the burning of the important species involved in the final product. The effects of time (6 to 48 h) and temperature (845 and 855°C) on the formation of the 2223 phase have been studied by sintering the samples in air. Thermal analysis (TG/DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) have been employed to investigate the powder produced at different stages of decomposition, oxidation and formation of sintered materials from the powders. The volume-fraction of the 2223 phase at 845°C increases with time, the maximum value of the 2223 phase was obtained at 120 h. It has been observed that the formation of the high T_C phase is remarkably enhanced at the temperature of the endothermic peak of the DTA curve. The best result has been obtained in the sample sintered for 24 h at the temperature 855°C (endothermic peak). This also indicated that at 855°C, the large volume-fraction of 2223 phase with T_C 113 K grew in short time and as the sintering time increased, it decomposed into the Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂Ox (2212) phase and other phases.     

Cathodoluminescence Depth Profiling in SiO2:Ge Layers

 For investigation of the luminescent center profile cathodoluminescence measurements are used under variation of the primary electron energy E ₀ = 2…30 keV. Applying a constant incident power regime (E ₀·I ₀ = const), the depth profiles of luminescent centers are deduced from the range of the electron energy transfer profiles dE/dx. Thermally grown SiO₂ layers of thickness d = 500 nm have been implanted by Ge⁺-ions of energy 350 keV and doses (0.5–5)10¹⁶ ions/cm². Thus Ge profiles with a concentration maximum of (0.4 – 4) at% at the depth of d_m≅240 nm are expected. Afterwards the layers have been partially annealed up to T _a = 1100 °C for one hour in dry nitrogen. After thermal annealing, not only the typical violet luminescence (λ = 400 nm) of the Ge centers is strongly increased but also the luminescent center profiles are shifted from about 250 nm to 170 nm depth towards the surface. This process should be described by Ge diffusion processes, precipitation and finally Ge nanocluster formation. Additionally, a Ge surface layer is piled-up extending to a depth of roughly 25 nm.     

烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体吡啶基胺类配体的构效关系研究

采用分子动力学模拟退火技术寻找了一类新型烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体吡啶基胺类配体分子的优势构象，用分子力学方法进行了结构优化，再用半经验量子化学方法中的AM1方法进一步优化，并做了电子结构计算.用计算所得物化参数对配体亲和性进行多元线性回归分析，回归结果表明：化合物pKi值与分子最低空轨道能量(ELUMO)、吡啶基所带总电荷(Qp)及分子构象相关.根据计算结果对该类化合物与受体的作用机制和作用位点进行了讨论.     

The use of the isotropic orientation factor in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies of the actin filament

A Dale-Eisinger style analysis (R. E. Daleet al., Biophys. J. 26, 161, 1979) is used to produce three-dimensional plots that display the limits on the average orientation factor k ² that is required to calculate molecular distances in F-actin from fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements. Maxima and minima plots are generated for the transfer of energy from a donor to a single acceptor and for transfer to multiple acceptors that are related by F-actin helical symmetry. The analysis is performed in terms of dipole cone half-angles rather than depolarization factors, in order to facilitate the modeling of the multiple acceptor problem. Calculations are carried out under the restrictive condition of a single electric dipole moment per fluorophore. In addition, both surface and volume averaging of the donor and acceptor dipoles are considered. Comparisons between the plots show that for the multiple acceptor cases with F-actin symmetry, there is a great reduction in the range for maxima and minima limits on k ². The calculations also suggest guidelines for the choice of fluorescence label that will result in an average orientation factor occurring within acceptable limits, i.e., inside the limits for which k ²=2/3 may be employed. Thus, without having detailed knowledge of the mean donor or acceptor dipole relative orientations, the use of k ²=2/3 in radial coordinate studies of F-actin is more than reasonable and is fairly assured of being correct.     

Singular perturbed Markov chains and exact behaviors of simulated annealing processes

We study asymptotic properties of discrete and continuous time generalized simulated annealing processesX(·) by considering a class of singular perturbed Markov chains which are closely related to the large deviation of perturbed diffusion processes. Convergence ofX(t) in probability to a setS ₀ of desired states, e.g., the set of global minima, and in distribution to a probability concentrated onS ₀ are studied. The corresponding two critical constants denoted byd and withd are given explicitly. When the cooling schedule is of the formc/logt, X(t) converges weakly forc>0. Whether the weak limit depends onX(0) or concentrates onS ₀ is determined by the relation betweenc, d, and . Whenc>, the expression for the rate of convergence for each state is also derived.     

退火条件对LDPE空间电荷特性的影响研究

使用冷却速率不同的3种退火方法制备了不同微观形态的LDPE薄膜,对薄膜试品进行了显微观测,并运用傅立叶红外分析对3种试品的结晶度进行了比较,同时使用PEA空间电荷测量技术对不同电场下这3种试品的空间电荷分布进行了观测,并基于结晶度和微观形态对LDPE空间电荷特性做了讨论.研究结果表明施加电场撤压后,高速冷却试品比低速冷却试品和正常冷却试品积聚更多的空间电荷,而随着撤压时间的增加,低速冷却试品中积聚的空间电荷衰减得最快.     

单晶硅中离子注入及快速热退火后浓度分布模型

在考虑B，P，As离子注入单晶硅中的浓度分布模型的基础上，讨论了快速热退火对3种注入离子浓度分布的影响，提出了3种离子在快速热退火后浓度分布的修正模型，由修正后的模型得到的多次离子注入模拟结果与实验结果符合很好。     

改良遗传算法在图像多阈值分割中的应用

最大熵原则是图像阈值分割的一个重要方法、但是用此方法进行多阈值分割时，存在着计算开销巨大的问题．笔者在M．Srinivas的自适应遗传算法基础上提出一种改良的遗传算法，用于基于模糊最大熵图像多阈值分割，克服了此分割方法计算量大的问题．通过实验，比较了改良遗传算法和M．Srinivas自适应遗传算法及模拟退火算法，显示了改良遗传算法的有效性．